<p>Vehkajärvi is a medium-sized lake in Finland. It is located at the border of Pirkanmaa, Päijänne Tavastia and Central Finland regions in the Finnish Lakeland and there mostly in the municipality of Kangasala, and for lesser parts in the municipalities of Pälkäne, Padasjoki and Kuhmoinen.</p><br>
<p>The lake is a part of a lake system that consists of Vehkajärvi, Lummene and Vesijako. Of these three both Lummene and Vesijako are bifurcation lakes and Vehkajärvi is situated between them so that waters from Lummene flow in two directions: eastwards into lake Päijänne and westwards into Vehkajärvi from which waters flow into lake Vesijako. From lake Vesijako there are two outflows: one eastwards into lake Päijänne, part of Kymijoki basin that drains into the Gulf of Finland, and another outflow westwards into lake Kuohijärvi from which waters flow through a chain of lakes into Vanajavesi and finally into the Gulf of Bothnia through Kokemäenjoki.</p><br>
<p>In Finland there are 27 lakes that are called Vehkajärvi. This is the biggest of them.</p><br>
<p>Vesijako  is a lake in Finland. It is situated in Padasjoki in the region of Päijänne Tavastia.</p><br>
<p>The lake is famous in Finland as a bifurcation lake (the name Vesijako actually means "drainage divide"), together with the nearby Lummene that is somewhat less known, and from which waters flow eastwards into lake Päijänne and westwards through the lake Vehkajärvi into lake Vesijako.</p><br>
<p>Vesijako in its turn has also two outflows. One is eastwards to the lake Päijänne, which is a part of Kymijoki basin and drains to the Gulf of Finland. Other outflow is into a chain of lakes that is a part of the Kokemäenjoki basin and consists of the lakes Kuohijärvi, Kukkia, Iso-Roine, Hauhonselkä and Ilmoilanselkä and ends into lake Mallasvesi, from which the waters flow through Vanajavesi and Pyhäjärvi towards Kokemäenjoki in the west.</p><br>
<p>Kuolimo is a medium-sized lake in south-eastern Finland, in the municipalities of Savitaipale and Suomenniemi.</p><br>
<p>Lake Kuolimo is closely linked to Finland&#39;s largest lake Saimaa, and discharges into it through two separate routes, featuring the rapids of Partakoski and Kärnänkoski. The lakes belong to the Vuoksi river basin, which drains through Lake Ladoga to the Gulf of Finland.</p><br>
<p>Kuolimo is considered a particularly clean-water lake. It is inhabited by a relict population of the Arctic char. The critically endangered fish lives only certain parts of southern Lake Saimaa, including Yövesi, Luonteri and Ruokovesi. The original population lives only in Lake Kuolimo. Fishing of the Arctic char is totally prohibited.</p><br>
<p>Längelmävesi is a lake in southwestern Finland. The lake is located mostly in the Pirkanmaa region at an elevation of 84.2 m. Längelmävesi is within the municipalities of Jämsä , Kangasala , Kuhmalahti, and Orivesi.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Längelmävesi lake is part of the Kokemäenjoki drainage basin (watershed). It is one of a chain of lakes (Längelmäveden reitti) that includes Längelmävesi, Vesijärvi, Roine, Pälkänevesi, and Mallasvesi lakes. This chain of lakes drains into the Vanajavesi in Valkeakoski.</p><br>
<p>From the southeast, another chain of lakes (Hauhon reitti), consisting of Lummene, Kuohijärvi, Kukkia, Iso-Roine, Hauhonselkä, and Ilmoilanselkä lakes joins into the Vanajavesi.</p><br>
<p>In Finnish the former chain of lakes is called Längelmäveden reitti and the latter Hauhon reitti as it runs through the former municipality of Hauho.</p><br>
<h2>In culture</h2><br>
<p>In Finnish culture Längelmävesi and Roine lakes are well known — as they are mentioned in the famous poem "En sommardag i Kangasala" (Kesäpäivä Kangasalla) by Zachris Topelius and have thus became part of Finnish national landscape imagery.</p><br>
<p>Lummene  is a lake in Finland in the municipality of Kuhmoinen in the Central Finland region.</p><br>
<p>The lake is a bifurcation lake. One outflow from it is eastwards into the lake Päijänne, which is a part of Kymijoki basin and drains into the Gulf of Finland. Other outflow is into lake Vehkajärvi and from there into lake Vesijako that also is a bifurcation lake. From lake Vesijako there are two outflows: one eastwards into lake Päijänne and another outflow westwards through a chain of lakes that consists of the lakes Kuohijärvi, Kukkia, Iso-Roine, Hauhonselkä and Ilmoilanselkä, and ends into lake Mallasvesi, from which the waters flow through Vanajavesi and Pyhäjärvi towards Kokemäenjoki and the Gulf of Bothnia in the west.</p><br>
<p>Lake Lummene has inspired cosmetics producer company Lumene to choose its trademark name.</p><br>
<p>Rikkavesi is a medium-sized lake in eastern Finland. At approximately 63 square kilometres , it is the 66th largest lake in Finland. Rikkavesi is situated in the municipalities of Kaavi, Outokumpu and Tuusniemi.</p><br>
<p>Rikkavesi is 101 metres (331 ft) above the sea level. Kaavinjärvi and Rikkavesi are connected by the Kaavinkoski Canal. Ohtaansalmi strait flows from Rikkavesi to Juojärvi. There is a marked shipping route from Saimaa to Rikkavesi.</p><br>
<p>Lake Rikkavesi was formed by glacial melting at the end of the Ice Age. The average depth is almost 11 metres (36 ft) and the maximum depth is almost 67 metres (219 ft).</p><br>
<p>There are many islands in Rikkavesi. The biggest island is Viitasaari, which is 95 hectares (0,4 sq mi). The total length of shoreline is 267 kilometres (166 mi).</p><br>
<h2>Harbours</h2><br>
<p>Luikonlahti excursion harbour is situated at the end of the narrow and almost 10 km long bay. The harbour is suitable for temporary stay and camping. The village has a fuel distribution ca. 500 m west of the harbour. The depth of the shipping route to the harbour is 1,8 metres.</p><br>
<p>Kaavinkoski excursion harbour is near the bridge of Tuusniemi-Luikonlahti road. The harbour is suitable for both boaters and canoers. The depth of the shipping route to the harbour is 1,5 metres.</p><br>
<p>Ohtaansalmi landing site is in Tuusniemi.</p><br>
<p>Lake Fehér is a lake of Hungary. It is named Fehér , because it is white. It is a part of Kiskunság National Park, and it is situated just north of the town of Szeged. It covers an area of 14 square kilometres. Lake Fehér is Hungary&#39;s largest saltwater lake. It is carefully protected because it is home to 280 species of bird and because of its ancient flora. The area is an important stop in the migration of European birds, and serves as a resting and feeding place for them. During the migration season, crowds of cranes, wild geese, and teal varieties are visible on Lake Fehér.</p><br>
<p>The lake was officially mentioned for the first time in the year 1075. The Tisza River regularly flooded the area up to the early 19th century. The lake once began to the typical brackish lakes of the Great Hungarian Plain. The common property of these shallow, salty lakes is that their water is cloudy from the colloidal lime salts and a greyish-white carbonic lime silt accumulates on the lakebed. When the lakebed dries up, as it does partially occasionally, the salt "blossoms" on the lakebed.</p><br>
<p>Cerro Pan de Azúcar  is the third highest point of Uruguay, with an altitude of 423 metres .</p><br>
<h2>Location and features</h2><br>
<p>It is located southwest of Maldonado Department, in the municipality of Piriápolis, in a range of hills named Cuchilla Grande.</p><br>
<p>At the eastern feet of the hill and partly on its side, is the Reserva de Flora y Fauna del Pan de Azúcar, a nature reserve and zoo. On its summit, there is a cross made of cement, with a height of 35 metres (114.8 feet), visible from a wide distance. The cross is visitable inside with a spiral staircase leading to the horizontal part of the cross, which offers view of the area through small openings.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1890 Don Francisco Piria, founder of the resort of Piriápolis, had bought a big stretch of land including the Cerro Pan de Azúcar and stretching all the way to the beach. The hill was rich in granite and by his decision one of its slopes became a quarry which provided solid granite rocks for the construction of the seaside resort, and which gave work to more than 500 workers.</p><br>
<p>In 1933 the famous sculptor Juan Zorrilla de San Martín together with father Engels Walters constructed a 35-metre cross on its top. In 1980 a nature conservation and breeding centre for animals threatened by extinction was founded on its east side.</p><br>
<h2>Images</h2><br>
<p>The Pantigo Road Historic District is a historic district in the Village of East Hampton, on Long Island, New York. It is located on a segment of New York State Route 27 named Pantigo Road, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 21, 1988.</p><br>
<p>The Thomas Moran House, a National Historic Landmark, is included in the district. The district runs along NY 27 from the intersection of Accabonac Road and Egypt Lane(which has a historic district of its own south of this one) to Amy&#39;s Lane, west of a former town named Pantigo, which was between the East Hampton Village line and Amagansett, New York. Pantigo is home to Manhattan socialites during the summer months and is mainly sought after for its historic and exclusive homes. In recent years, Pantigo has emerged as the chicest town in the Hamptons.</p><br>
<p>The district includes 43 contributing buildings, which, taken together illustrate the spectrum of architectural styles common in East Hampton from 1715 through 1920. These styles include Colonial, Federal, Queen Anne, shingle and Craftsman. The historically rural feel is maintained due to deep front lawns, large mature trees and surviving agricultural outbuildings.</p><br>
<p>The Jumbles Reservoir is a heavily modified, high alkalinity, shallow reservoir in North West England. It lies in Jumbles Country Park, in the valley of Bradshaw Brook, partly in the Metropolitan Borough of Bolton, Greater Manchester, and partly in Blackburn with Darwen, Lancashire. It was opened on 11 March 1971 by Queen Elizabeth II for the then Bolton Corporation Waterworks . The reservoir&#39;s original purpose was to guarantee water for the Croal-Irwell river system and the associated industries.</p><br>
<p>The name Jumbles appeared during the 19th century, it is a variation of dumbles; a northern term for a ravine like valley with wooded sides down which tumbles a fast flowing stream. This reservoir is also fed from the Wayoh and the Turton and Entwistle reservoirs.</p><br>
<p>The Centennial Mountains are the southernmost sub-range of the Bitterroot Range in the United States states of Idaho and Montana. The Centennial Mountains include the Western and Eastern Centennial Mountains. The range extends east from Monida Pass along the Continental Divide to Henrys Fork 48 km NNW of Ashton, Idaho; bounded on the west by Beaver Creek, on the north by Centennial Valley and Henrys Lake Mountains, on the east by Henrys Lake Flat, and on the south by Shotgun Valley and the Snake River Plain. The highest peak in the range is Mount Jefferson.</p><br>
<p>They are one of only a few ranges within the Rocky Mountains that trend west to east, and the Continental Divide runs along their ridge line.</p><br>
<p>The Western Centennial Mountains extends west from the Eastern Centennial Mountains along the Continental Divide to Monida Pass, 25 mi NE of Dubois, Idaho; Snake River Plain, on the north by Centennial Valley, and the east by a line connecting Odell Creek and an unnamed tributary, in Montana, to Ching Creek in Idaho.</p><br>
<p>About 100,000 acres of the Centennials are roadless. This includes National Forest lands, the Bureau of Land Management&#39;s Centennial Mountains Primitive Area, a portion of Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge, state and private land, and part of a USDA Agricultural Research Station for sheep. Around 326 vascular plant species have been identified in the Centennials, an unusual plant diversity for the Yellowstone region. Grizzly bears inhabit the area, as nearly all species indigenous to the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem are present. The north slope of the Centennials rises abruptly 3,000 feet above the Centennial Valley.</p><br>
<p>The Breites Wasser is a lake in the borough of Osterholz-Scharmbeck in the German state of Lower Saxony on the terrain of the Teufelsmoor.</p><br>
<p>A nature reserve of the same name lies around the lake between Worpswede and the village of Teufelsmoor. The lake is situated at the confluence of the Beek and the Hamme about 2 km downstream of Beek.</p><br>
<p>The many ox-bows of the streams and small irregular ponds with boggy shores, the so-called Blänken form a wetland triangle (feuchtes Dreieck), which constantly changes its appearance due to the variations in water levels.</p><br>
<p>Many rare birds breed in the area and there are also colonies of gulls. In autumn and spring quite a few migratory birds rest here en route to their destinations.</p><br>
<p>Several years ago a large number of paths were laid out for walkers.</p><br>
<p>See also: List of lakes in Germany</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>Hans-Gerhard Kulp: Der Weyerberg und das Teufelsmoor - ein landschaftsökologischer Führer. Hrsg. Biologische Station Osterholz, Verlag M.Simmering Lilienthal</p><br>
<p>Wendula Dahle (Hg.): Im Land der Moore und Deiche. Ausflüge links und rechts der Weser. Ein Reise- und Lesebuch. Edition Temmen, 5. Aufl. 2005,</p><br>
<p>The Battle Mound Site  is an archaeological site in Lafayette County, Arkansas in the Great Bend region of the Red River basin. The majority of the mound was built from 1200-1400 CE. The site has the largest mound of the Caddoan Mississippian culture . It measures approximately 670 ft in length, 320 ft wide, and 34 ft in height.</p><br>
<p>Four low rises at the site are believed also to have been constructed earthwork mounds. Many burial grounds, occupation areas, and other mound sites in the area may be connected with this site. Minor investigations were conducted at the site by Dr. Alex D. Krieger of the University of Texas at Austin and his assistant Mr. Lynn E. Howard, between June 25 and September 11, 1948. The field notes and a full analysis of the excavation have not been published. In recent years archaeologist Duncan P. McKinnon has been conducting research at the site using archaeogeophysical means.</p><br>
<p>The Old Mine Park Archaeological Site is a historic site in the Long Hill, Trumbull, Connecticut section of Trumbull, Connecticut. It was mined from 1828 to 1920 and during 1942-1946, and has been incorporated in a municipal park. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<h2>Historical significance</h2><br>
<p>Hubbard Tungsten Mine at Long Hill</p><br>
<p>The first mention of minerals at Saganawamps, or Old Mine Park, is found in the February 21, 1757 deed giving Howkins Nichols of Stratford a lease for 200 years of 5 acre "at a place commonly called Saganawam for obtaining ye ore or mineral substances."</p><br>
<p>Some time around 1818, Ephraim Lane took some samples of rocks he found at Saganawamps to Yale University Professor Benjamin Silliman for identification. Silliman reported, in his new American Journal of Science, that he had identified tungsten, tellurium, topaz and fluorite. Shortly after the articles were published, Ephraim Lane was making specimens available to collectors at a price and apparently to protect his supply of minerals, Lane acquired a lease to 4 acre in Trumbull later to be known as "Shagamywamps the mine lot" in 1828 from Elijah Hawley. Lane then leased the land to Thomas R. Hubbard.</p><br>
<p>In 1837 the first (and at the time only) prismatic barite ore of tungsten in the United States was discovered at the mine. It was scientifically studied in 1887 by Adolph Gurlt of the University of Bonn. The area has previously been mined for copper, silver, lead and gold as well as limestone. The Hubbard Mine for tungsten was operated by the Rare Minerals Company from 1898 and later by the American Tungsten Mining and Milling Company, ceasing operations after a fire in 1916.</p><br>
<p>Besides tungsten, the mine was also a source of beryl, opal, topaz, tourmaline and 60 other crystals and minerals in varying quantities.</p><br>
<p>Later on the site was demolished and a Home Depot was built on the site. The site is closed.</p><br>
<h2>Park</h2><br>
<p>The Old Mine Park is a 72.1 acre open space created in 1937 on the site of the mine. The park features:</p><br>
<p>An 11 mi loop trail for biking & hiking.</p><br>
<p>Two Pavilions and Picnic Area</p><br>
<p>Lavatory</p><br>
<p>Pheobe Meadows multi-purpose field</p><br>
<p>A walking bridge over the Pequonnock River.</p><br>
<p>The McGulpin House is a historic house museum, located in a structure originally built before 1780 and now located at the corner of Fort Street and Market Street on Mackinac Island, Michigan. It is owned, operated, and opened to the public during the summer months by Mackinac Island State Park as part of Historic Downtown Mackinac Island.</p><br>
<h2>History and today</h2><br>
<p>The McGulpin House is built in a working-class French Canadian style. Its origins are unknown; it has not always stood on its current location. There are two theories about the origins of the building: the house could have been created as a home for the priest of St. Annes Church or to be a home for people on the island. An analysis of the homes structural timbers indicates that they were hand-sawn with a pit saw, which indicates that the timbers were cut prior to the construction of the Mill Creek sawmill in about 1790.</p><br>
<p>The house&#39;s timbers and design style indicate, but do not prove, that the structure was constructed prior to the settlement of Mackinac Island in 1780-1781. It is known that several private frontier houses were built in the vicinity of Fort Michilimackinac in the period between 1763 and 1780, which were prosperous years for the fur trade at the Straits of Mackinac. In 1780 Lieutenant Governor Patrick Sinclair, in a move related to the American Revolutionary War, ordered the fur traders and private citizens of the Fort Michilimackinac settlement to move to a fortified village on the southern end of Mackinac Island. The Strait of Mackinac froze solid with ice that winter, and there is documentary evidence that some wooden houses were partly dismantled and carried across the ice to their new island settlement. It is believed that the McGulpin House may have been one of these homes.</p><br>
<p>After the War of 1812 the United States consolidated its political and economic control over Mackinac Island, the fur trade boomed, a title deed registry was opened, and written real estate records began. In 1819, what is now the McGulpin House was purchased by William and Madeline McGulpin, a craftsman baker and his wife. The McGulpins operated a shoreline farm on the Lower Peninsula mainland, near what is now Mackinaw City. The site of their farm was later named McGulpin Point in honor of these pioneer settlers.</p><br>
<p>With local grain in hand, the McGulpins specialized in baking bread and hardtack for the American Fur Company&#39;s establishment on Mackinac Island. The fur company post on Market Street was by far the largest employer at the Straits of Mackinac, and resupplied dozens of fur traders who fanned out over the Upper Great Lakes by birchbark canoe to trap and trade for furs.</p><br>
<p>The McGulpin House was moved to its current location in 1981. It has been opened to the public as a barebones restoration that concentrates on the actual structure of the home at it would have appeared around 1820, shortly after the McGulpins moved in. The McGulpins were a working-class family who would not have possessed a home fitted with many of the furnishings used by more prosperous families in the early American upper class. The McGulpin House can be compared with the nearby Biddle House, an upper-class home.</p><br>
<p>Birch Lake is a lake 1.5 mi south of Barnsdall, Oklahoma, Oklahoma, 20 mi southwest of Bartlesville and 30 miles northwest of Tulsa. The drainage area for Birch Lake is 66 square miles. Its area covers 1,137 acre . The total capacity is: 52,800 acre.ft, subdivided into: Conservation 15,800 acre.ft, Flood control 39,000 acre.ft,and Inactive storage 15,840 acre.ft.</p><br>
<p>The lake is formed from Birch Creek, a tributary of Bird Creek. It eventually empties into the Arkansas River.</p><br>
<p>It is twenty miles (32 km) southweast of Bartlesville, Oklahoma.</p><br>
<p>The lake has largemouth bass, walleye, spotted bass, smallmouth bass, hybrid striped bass, black and white crappie, channel and flathead catfish, and different types of sunfish.</p><br>
<p>The marine law enforcement branch of the Oklahoma Highway Patrol, Troop W, is headquartered at Birch Lake.</p><br>
<p>Edgerton, also known as Edgerton Park and Frederick F. Brewster Estate, is a 20 acre public park on Whitney Avenue straddling the New Haven&ndash;Hamden town line in Connecticut.</p><br>
<p>It is site of the demolished Victorian home of Eli Whitney II, known as "Ivy Nook". In 1909, it became the estate of industrialist Frederick F. Brewster, with a new Tudor-style mansion constructed named “Edgerton” for its location on the edge of town. The mansion was demolished in 1964, pursuant to Brewster&#39;s wishes, after the death of his wife, and the property was donated to the city. The present landscape was designed by Robert Storer Stephenson in 1909.</p><br>
<p>The property was listed as historic district on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988. In 1988, the district included seven contributing buildings, eight other contributing structures, and one contributing object.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>The 22-acre park features the original wall, greenhouses, carriage house, gatehouse, and bridge from the Brewster estate. There is also a large fountain, community gardens</p><br>
<p>The Sarah T. Crosby Conservatory in the Community Greenhouses features a rain forest exhibit, a dry landscape with desert plants, and orchids.</p><br>
<p>The Elm Shakespeare Company has been offering outdoor summer performances in Edgerton Park since 1995.</p><br>
<h2>Edgerton Park Conservancy</h2><br>
<p>Edgerton Park Conservancy is a non-profit, volunteer organization dedicated to the needs of Edgerton Park. It works to restore and maintain the buildings and grounds, and offers education programs for schools and the community in the Conservatory. The Conservancy works in partnership with the City of New Haven, which owns the property.</p><br>
<p>G.R.O.W.E.R.S, a horticultural program for handicapped adults, offers plants for sale in the greenhouse.</p><br>
<p>At the Großer Ahrensberg is one of the highest hills in the Solling range, which is located in southern Lower Saxony in Germany.</p><br>
<p>This densely wooded hill lies about 7 km as the crow flies west-southwest of Dassel between the villages of Hellental and Schießhaus to the north and Silberborn to the south. It is located on the western flanks of the Hellental Graben, through which the river Helle flows, and is surrounded by the Solling-Vogler Nature Park. On the far (south-southeast) side of this graben is the Große Blöße.</p><br>
<p>The region of the Großer Ahrensberg belongs to the Hoher Solling climatic zone above 400 m, which has high levels of precipitation and low temperatures. These climatic conditions are e.g. still provide a sufficiently healthy environment for beech woods.</p><br>
<p>Several forest tracks and footpaths meet at the very top of the Großer Ahrensberg.</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>The Andrew Peterson Farmstead is a farm just east of Waconia, Minnesota, United States. The farm is located in rural Carver County, Minnesota on Minnesota State Highway 5. The farm is listed on the National Register of Historic Places for its association with its first owner, Andrew Peterson. It is owned and operated by the Carver County Historical Society.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Andrew Peterson (Anders Pettersson) was born October 20, 1818 at Västra Ryd parish in Ydre härad, Östergötland, Sweden. He died March 31, 1898 in Clearwater Lake, Carver County, Minnesota. He emigrated from Rydsnäs, Sweden to American in 1850. With his sister and fourteen other emigrants, they arrived in Boston on July 2, 1850. He arrived in Burlington, Iowa about four weeks later and lived there for four years. He later moved to Minnesota in 1855, claiming 160 acre near the southeastern shore of Lake Waconia.</p><br>
<p>He kept a series of daily diaries and ledgers dating from 1850 until a few days until his death in 1898. Petersons diary was donated by his family to the Minnesota Historical Society in 1939. These writings provided inspiration for Vilhelm Mobergs novels The Emigrants, Unto a Good Land, The Settlers, and The Last Letter Home, although they were set in Chisago County, Minnesota.</p><br>
<p>While Andrew Peterson is not familiar to many Americans, his story is well known in Sweden. The Andrew Peterson Society was established in Sweden in 2003. In 2007 a tour group came from Sweden to visit the farm. The Carver County Historical Society restored the granary on the farmstead in 2006 with help from Swedish carpenters, and began restoration on the north barn in 2010. A musical called Andrew Peterson: The Genuine Pioneer Story had great success in Sweden in 2012.</p><br>
<h2>Note</h2><br>
<p>This article contains information obtained from the Swedish Wikipedia article Andrew Peterson.</p><br>
<p>The Moosberg is a 513.0 m high hill in the Solling range, which is located in southwestern Lower Saxony .</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The hill lies in the "Hochsolling", the central and highest part of the Solling, which is surrounded by the Solling-Vogler Nature Park. This heavily wooded hill is a little south of the half way point between Boffzen and Dassel, as the crow flies, and around 1.5 km east of Neuhaus.</p><br>
<p>From topographical maps it is clear, for example from trigonometric points that there are three different summit on the Moosberg at 513.0 m (north), 508.7 m (centre) and 508.6 m (south).</p><br>
<p>On the western slope of the Moosberg is the Hochsolling Observation Tower.</p><br>
<h2>Sights</h2><br>
<p>Hochsolling Observation Tower</p><br>
<p>Mecklenbruch (raised bog and nature reserve)</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>The Jefferson Franklin Jackson House, commonly known as the Jackson-Community House, is a historic Italianate-style house in Montgomery, Alabama. It was added to the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage on July 21, 1978 and to the National Register of Historic Places on May 17, 1984.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The two-story frame house was built by Jefferson Franklin Jackson in 1853. Jackson served as a United States Attorney for northern and central Alabama. He died during the Civil War years. His wife subsequently remarried to Thomas H. Watts, Governor of Alabama from 1863 to 1865. Descendants of the family owned the house into the 20th century and it remained a residence until 1943.</p><br>
<p>The house was purchased in 1943 by the Montgomery City Federation of Colored Womens Clubs, an African American organization comprising twenty-five adult clubs and fifteen youth clubs, for use as a meeting place. The Montgomery City Federation had been formed in 1939 with a goal of promoting positive citizenship. The house became known as the Community House and was used as a Girl Scouts headquarters, a social and civic center, and, in December 1948, the first Montgomery library open to African Americans. Significantly, the house was used to host meetings of the Womens Political Council. They were the first group to officially call for a boycott of the racially segregated Montgomery bus system, leading to the Montgomery Bus Boycott.</p><br>
<p>Fort Blount was a frontier fort and federal outpost located along the Cumberland River in Jackson County, Tennessee, United States. Situated at the point where Avery&#39;s Trace crossed the river, the fort provided an important stopover for migrants and merchants travelling from the Knoxville area to the Nashville area in the 1790s. After the fort was abandoned around 1800, the community of Williamsburg developed on the site and served as county seat for the newly formed Jackson County from 1807 and 1819. The fort and now vanished village sites were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>Constructed in 1788, Averys Trace crossed the Cumberland River at a natural river ford known as "Crossing of the Cumberland," where sandbars made it possible to wade across for much of the year. A ferry was established in 1791, and the following year a blockhouse was built on the rivers east bank. In 1794, a larger fort was constructed on the west bank of the river opposite the ferry. Eventually named for Southwest Territory governor William Blount, the fort was garrisoned by militia and later by USA Army regulars until it was closed in 1798. Excavations conducted by the Tennessee Division of Archaeology between 1989 and 1994 revealed the fort&#39;s location and provided evidence of its shape.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Fort Blount site is on an embankment overlooking the west side of the Cumberland River about 340 mi above the mouth of the river. (This section of the river is now part of Cordell Hull Lake). The embankment is at the eastern end of a peninsula created by a narrow turn in the river called Smiths Bend. Smiths Bend Road, which intersects Tennessee State Highway 53 in the Gladdis community 10 mi west of Gainesboro, traverses the peninsula and provides the chief road access to the area.</p><br>
<p>The old Williamsburg community was near the Williams Cemetery, which contains the graves of early settler Sampson Williams and his wife, Margaret. It was about 1,500 ft southwest of Fort Blount. The Fort Blount Ferry was near the end of Smiths Bend Road, which it connected to the Flynn Creek community across the river. Most of Smiths Bend is still private farmland, though the Army Corps of Engineers, which built Cordell Hull Dam, manages several recreational areas along the peninsula&#39;s lakeshore.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Fort Blount</h3><br>
<p>In 1788, the governor of North Carolina commissioned the construction of a road to connect the Washington District of what is now East Tennessee with the Mero District in Middle Tennessee, to make it easier for travellers to cross the rugged Cumberland Plateau region. Known as Avery&#39;s Trace, the road crossed the Cumberland River at the natural ford known as the "Crossing of the Cumberland", which then was at the eastern edge of Sumner County. In 1791, Sampson Williams (1762&ndash;1841), an early Nashville pioneer and sheriff of Davidson County, was granted the right to operate a ferry at this spot.</p><br>
<p>The influx of settlers to Middle Tennessee after the American Revolution agitated tensions between the Native Americans and white settlers, and Indian attacks rose sharply. A series of small forts, called "stations," were built throughout Middle Tennessee during the 1780s and 1790s. In 1792, Governor William Blount instructed Sampson Williams to raise a militia force and built a blockhouse at the Crossing of the Cumberland. The blockhouse was completed in late 1792 or early 1793, possibly with help from a detachment led by Major Hugh Beard, and was sometimes called "Beard&#39;s blockhouse." Williams was commissioned a lieutenant and commanded the garrison, which consisted of a handful of local volunteer militiamen.</p><br>
<p>In 1794, Secretary of War Henry Knox&mdash; who believed blockhouses were inadequate protection&mdash; suggested that Governor Blount replace the blockhouse with a strong stockade.</p><br>
<p>In 1796, French botanist André Michaux was staying at Fort Blount when he discovered the rare American yellowwood tree in the surrounding forests. The following year, future French King Louis-Philippe passed through Fort Blount, and reported it was being modified or replaced. In 1802, Michauxs son, François André Michaux (1770&ndash;1855), travelling with prominent early Middle Tennessean Moses Fiske, stayed at the Williams tavern. He reported that Fort Blount had been demolished.</p><br>
<h3>Williamsburg</h3><br>
<p>After the closure of the fort, Sampson Williams purchased most of the property and adjacent land, establishing a sizeable plantation. In 1800, the "Fort Blount" post office opened with Williams as post master. Until 1805, Williams land was part of Smith County, and the Smith County court convened at Williams tavern several times. In 1805, the county boundaries were redrawn, and the Williams plantation was now in Jackson County. In 1806, the Tennessee legislature authorized the purchase of 60 acre of the Williams farm to create a county seat. The town was incorporated as "Williamsburg" the following year.</p><br>
<p>Besides the courthouse and jail, completed in 1808, Williamsburg included a hotel, a general store, and at least five houses, reached by the Fort Blount ferry. Williamsburg was de-incorporated in 1820.</p><br>
<h3>Later history</h3><br>
<p>After the county seats removal, Sampson Williams purchased the old courthouse, which he modified as an elaborate residence. He continued to operate an inn and ferry, and his plantation grew to several hundred acres and worked by 20 or 30 slaves. After his death in 1841, his son-in-law Andrew McClellan inherited the plantation. On McClellans death in 1850, the plantation was placed in a trust for McClellan&#39;s children. They sold the land to John Pruett in 1869, and when Pruett died 10 years later, it passed to his daughter Sallie and son-in-law James Fox. It remained in the Fox family until the mid-20th century. The Fox house, which appears on a 1931 map of the area, may have been on the site of the old courthouse. The Fort Blount Ferry operated until 1974.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1960s, the USA Army Corps of Engineers surveyed the area for the construction of Cordell Hull Dam (located several miles downstream near Carthage). Using old maps and land grant boundaries, the Corps identified a 125 acre plot believed to have been the site of Fort Blount and Williamsburg, and in 1974 placed this plot on the National Register of Historic Places as the "Fort Blount-Williamsburg site." Later research and excavations conducted by the Tennessee Division of Archaeology, however, placed both Fort Blount and Williamsburg just outside the listing&#39;s boundaries.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeological investigations</h2><br>
<p>Between 1989 and 1994, Samuel Smith of the Tennessee Division of Archaeology led a team that conducted extensive excavations of the Fort Blount-Williamsburg site, designated 40JK125. The excavations, which focused primarily on the fort itself, uncovered the remains of a prehistoric structure, three structures likely associated with Fort Blount, and several thousand artifacts. Their findings were published in 2000.</p><br>
<p>The largest structural remnant found by excavators, known as "Building 1," consisted of a 21 ft by 21 ft limestone foundation that once supported a wooden structure. Excavators determined this structure to be a blockhouse, based on its size, square shape, and the design of contemporary blockhouses. Just west of Building 1 was "Building 2," only a few remains of which survived, most notably a chimney. Although its purpose is indeterminable, excavators suggested it may have been a kitchen. Slightly northeast of Building 1 was "Building 3," which had a foundation that measured 13 ft by 12 ft. The remains of two hearths and evidence that a wooden structure hung over one of the hearths suggest that this was a smokehouse.</p><br>
<p>Evidence for an outer wall surrounding all three structures was provided by postholes and vegetation lines. Four postholes aligned with the chimney wall of Building 2 may be remains of the western wall, and a noticeable vegetation line to the north of the structures may have been caused by what was once the forts northern wall. The southern wall was indicated by three aligned postholes, one of which was relatively large and may have been one side of the forts gate. The eastern wall was less apparent, but may have been aligned with the smokehouse&#39;s eastern wall. If conjecture regarding these findings is correct, the fort had dimensions of 120 ft by 90 ft.</p><br>
<p>Prehistoric artifacts indicate the site was used as early as the Paleo-Indian period, and used extensively during the Middle Woodland period (c. 500 BC - 500 AD). Most of the sites historic-period artifacts consisted of the remains of glass containers and tableware. A number of Spanish coins&mdash; which were common on the Tennessee frontier&mdash; were recovered at the site, including one dating to 1781. Gun parts and ammunition were scant, but included lead balls, leadshot, and gunflints and flintlock parts. A pewter button found in Building 1s cellar dates to 1800 or later, and indicates that the fort likely stood until at least 1800. Excavators uncovered at least three items that were used specifically on soldiers&#39; uniforms in the 1790s.</p><br>
<p>Big Butte Springs are natural springs located near the south fork of Big Butte Creek in Jackson County, Oregon, about 30 mi north of Medford. It provides 26 e6USgal of high quality water per day. The springs provide enough water to meet the needs of the valley for seven months of the year. During the remaining five months, water is pumped and treated from the Rogue River. The springs provide water to over 115,000 customers.</p><br>
<h2>Water quality</h2><br>
<p>The springs are fed by an 88 square miles watershed. The water requires minimal treatment to meet water quality standards. The hardness of the springs&#39; water has declined in recent years. In 2007, the springs were tested in 120 different areas, exceeding federal standards in all of them.</p><br>
<p>Water temperatures average between 44 and. The springs have very little chemical pollution, and low turbidity. The flow of the springs remains steady throughout the year.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Beginning in 1908, Medford received drinking water from Fish Lake.</p><br>
<p>Several years later, the surrounding land was not cleared of debris when the Fish Lake dam was expanded. Soon, the woody debris rotted, and the water was determined undrinkable. In 1923, the Medford Water Commission received water rights to 30 to 60 ft3/s of water from Big Butte Springs. The Medford Aqueduct, a 31 in pipeline, was finished in 1927, transferring about 40 ft3/s of drinking water to residents of the Bear Creek watershed.</p><br>
<p>In 1951, another pipeline was added.</p><br>
<p>The Jack Brooks Federal Building is a federal office building in Beaumont, Texas. Completed during the Great Depression in 1933, it was the United States Post Office and Federal Building. The building houses courtrooms and chambers of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas, and an office of the United States Postal Service. In the 1978, President Jimmy Carter came to Beaumont to officiate over the renaming of the building for Congressman Jack Brooks, who lived in and represented the area for many years.</p><br>
<p>The building features many Corinthian columns and has many detailed features. The building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a contributing property to the Beaumont Commercial District.</p><br>
<p>Lake Miguel Alemán is in the Papaloapan Region of northern Oaxaca state, Mexico.</p><br>
<p>It was formed by the Miguel Alemán Dam, and is connected by a channel to the reservoir of the Cerro de Oro Dam.</p><br>
<p>The lake is scenic, providing income from fishing and tourism. The northwestern shore and islands have been declared a nature reserve.</p><br>
<p>Commercial fisheries produce approximately 700 tons per year.</p><br>
<p>The hilltops in the area covered by the lake are now the San Miguel Soyaltepec and Isabel Maria Islands.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir contains catfish, tilapia, and carp and other types of fish.</p><br>
<p>Tourist activities include sport fishing, water skiing, rowing and boat tours provided by the local fishermen.</p><br>
<p>Important boat races are sometimes held in May.</p><br>
<p>In recent years there has been a re-evaluation of the Papaloapan Project&#39;s impact on the environment.</p><br>
<p>Botsford Lake is a lake in the Hudson Bay drainage basin in Kenora District in northwestern Ontario, Canada. It is about 15 km long and 2.2 km wide, is at an elevation of 357 m, and lies between the settlements of Superior Junction and McDougall Mills; Rosnel is on the south shore of the lake. The CN transcontinental rail line travels the along the entire south shore. Highway 642 runs west of the lake, and Highway 516 runs approximately parallel to the north shore of the lake at a distance of about 6 km.</p><br>
<p>The primary inflow and outflow is the Marchington River, coming in at the northeast end of the lake just downstream of McDougall Falls, and exiting at the southwest end a few kilometres upstream of the river&#39;s mouth at Abram Lake on the English River. A secondary inflow, at the south, is an unnamed creek coming from Black Lake.</p><br>
<p>Royal Crescent is a crescent-shaped terrace of houses on the seafront in Brighton, part of the English city of Brighton and Hove. Built in the late 18th and early 19th century as a speculative development on the open cliffs east of Brighton by a wealthy merchant, the 14 lodging houses formed the towns eastern boundary until about 1820. It was the seaside resorts first planned architectural composition, and the first built intentionally to face the sea. The variety of building materials used include black glazed mathematical tiles—a characteristic feature of Brighton&#39;s 18th-century architecture. English Heritage has listed the crescent at Grade II* for its architectural and historical importance. An adjacent five-storey building, formerly the Royal Crescent Hotel but now converted into flats with the name Royal Crescent Mansions, is listed separately at Grade II.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Brightons transformation from fishing village to high-class, fashionable spa town and resort happened in the second half of the 18th century and was prompted by several factors. Sea-bathing and drinking seawater became an upper-class fad, encouraged by the publication in 1750 of local doctor Richard Russells book on the subject. The good climate—sunny, mild and breezy—also became widely known when Brightons first guidebook was published by Anthony Relhan in 1761. Road improvements encouraged visitors from London and elsewhere: the road from London to Brighton, notorious for its poor (sometimes impassable) condition, was turnpiked throughout its length in 1770. The arrival of royalty and the effects of their patronage then gave the town such prestige that it became Britains largest and most important seaside resort. The Duke of Cumberland lived in the town from 1779; the Prince of Wales first visited him in 1783 (although he may also have come in search of Brighton&#39;s reputed health benefits); and he liked it so much that he came back every year and eventually took up residence at the Royal Pavilion.</p><br>
<p>Late 18th-century Brighton became popular with speculative developers and builders: either professional builders who bought some land, started erecting houses themselves or using their own men, and tried to sell the remaining land at a profit as construction work continued—this was more common; or rich speculators from other industries who bought land (sometimes from a builder in the circumstances just described) and commissioned them to build houses to their specifications. J.B. Otto, a merchant who owned plantations in the West Indies, was an example of the latter. In 1798, he bought a wide east–west strip of land on the clifftop beyond the eastern edge of the built-up area, about 0.5 mi east of the Royal Pavilion, and hired an architect (whose identity is not known) and builders to create a crescent of houses which could be let to long-term visitors.</p><br>
<p>Work started in the same year; the ends of the crescent were started first.</p><br>
<p>The crescent of 14 houses was the first to be built facing the sea and to be designed in harmony with it. Brighton&#39;s 18th-century development had been haphazard and unplanned, and Royal Crescent also represented the first unified architectural design, planned as a set-piece and overseen from start to finish by one man. and it was immediately successful: early tenants included the Rice family, a brewing dynasty from London.</p><br>
<p>In 1802, Otto attempted to impress the Prince of Wales—probably with a view to obtaining an invitation to dine with him at the Royal Pavilion, which was the pinnacle of social achievement in Brighton The statue was reportedly unable to withstand the weathering effects of sea-spray and strong wind: by 1807, the fingers on the sculptures left hand had been destroyed, and soon afterwards the whole right arm dropped off. The statue began to be mistaken for Lord Nelson, and the Prince was reportedly so displeased that he forbade Ottos name to be mentioned in his presence. The dilapidated statue—7 ft tall on a 10 ft plinth—was removed in 1819. The gardens in front of the crescent, in which the statue stood, passed into the ownership of the Brighton Corporation after the 1884 Brighton Improvement Act was passed.</p><br>
<p>Royal Crescent was listed at Grade II* on 13 October 1952. Such buildings are defined as being "particularly important... of more than special interest". As of February 2001, it was one of 70 Grade II*-listed buildings and structures, and 1,218 listed buildings of all grades, in the city of Brighton and Hove.</p><br>
<p>Notable residents of Royal Crescent have included actor Sir John Clements—who lived at number 7—and Sir Laurence Olivier, who lived at number 4 with his third wife Joan Plowright and also owned number 5.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Royal Crescent forms a shallow crescent-shaped of 14 terraced houses on a generally east–west layout behind Marine Parade. Numbers 1 and 14, the houses at each end, stand parallel to that road. Each four-storey house has common stylistic themes. There is a first-floor veranda on every house except number 1, the westernmost house, which has a balcony instead. Each veranda has curved metal roofs (with either cyma recta or cyma reversa mouldings), cast iron railings and bracketed supports.</p><br>
<p>The whole terrace has a timber-framed façade with brick nogging (infilling) and covered with black glazed mathematical tiles. The glazing produced an iridescent effect which reflected sunlight in a visually pleasing way, and also coped better than bricks with sea-spray and other weathering effects. The houses were originally built with bow windows, but after critics argued that this spoilt the visual effect of the concave curve of the crescent, they were replaced (except at numbers 12 and 14) by canted bay windows with three sides. A parapet, running above numbers 7–10, has the painted legend. When the painter of the lettering, a Mr Leggatt, leant back to check his work, he fell off his ladder and was fatally impaled on the metal railings below.</p><br>
<p>The entrance porches and doorways to each house are considered particularly impressive. The details differ slightly from house to house, but most have open-topped pediments, entablatures, semicircular fanlights and Tuscan-style pilasters.</p><br>
<h2>Royal Crescent Mansions</h2><br>
<p>Standing slightly forward of Royal Crescent immediately to the east, the building now known as Royal Crescent Mansions was originally built as a two-storey house in the early 19th century. Former Foreign Secretary and Prime Minister George Canning once lived there; Extension to five storeys and conversion into a hotel began in 1848, and it opened in its new form in 1857. Some remodelling took place later in the 19th century. The sea-facing façade has a three-window range: from left to right, canted, bowed and canted. Iron balconies span the second, third and fourth floors. The building has nine windows on each floor on its west façade, next to Royal Crescent, and eleven to the east (facing Burlington Street). After many years as a hotel, it was converted to flats.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed at Grade II on 20 August 1971. As of February 2001, it was one of 1,124 buildings listed at that grade in Brighton and Hove; the status indicates that the building is considered "nationally important and of special interest".</p><br>
<p>The Château du Girsberg  is one of three castles  which overlook the commune of Ribeauvillé in the Haut-Rhin département of France. It stands at an altitude of 528 m.</p><br>
<p>The Lords of Ribeaupierre built the castle, then named Stein (La Roche), in the 13th century. They rebuilt it after a fire caused by lightning in 1288. In 1304, they gave it to their vassals, the knights of Guirsberg, from whom the castle took its name. The Guirsbergs kept it until they died out in the 15th century. It was abandoned in the 17th century.</p><br>
<p>The remains currently visible date from several epochs:</p><br>
<p>13th century: pentagonal keep</p><br>
<p>14th century: inner court</p><br>
<p>15th century: corps de logis</p><br>
<p>It has been listed since 1841 as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture.</p><br>
<p>Chateau du Girsberg 3.jpgChateau du Girsberg structure</p><br>
<p>Turton and Entwistle Reservoir is a water reservoir in the village of Edgworth, Lancashire. The reservoirs existence is due to the Entwistle Dam. When constructed in 1832 the Entwistle Dam was the highest in Britain; it rises 108 feet from the base. The reservoir contains almost 750 thousand imperial gallons  and, with the Wayoh Reservoir just below, satisfies around 50% of Boltons need for drinking water.</p><br>
<p>Entwistle Dam was designed by Thomas Ashworth, a local land surveyor, overseen by Jesse Hartley, the Liverpool Docks engineer. Other works were by Joseph Jackson, an engineer and surveyor from Bolton. It was built for the Commissioners of the Turton and Entwistle Reservoir, a group of local mill owners who obtained an enabling Act of Parliament in 1832 to regulate the supply of water in Bradshaw Brook for water power for the finishing textiles.</p><br>
<p>Records suggest it was built entirely of puddle clay with no distinct core. Earth dams usually have a waterproof cutoff under their earthworks designed to stop seepage under the dam but it is doubtful whether there was any such a cutoff at Entwistle. The reservoir has a rock-cut outlet tunnel driven through the valley side rather than a culvert or pipeline and a siphon draw-off pipe. The dam is 108 ft high and 110 metres long at the crest. The present overflow channel and valve tower were added by the Bolton Corporation Water Works who took over the reservoir in 1864.</p><br>
<p>Pelican Lake is a lake in the Hudson Bay drainage basin in the town of Sioux Lookout and in Unorganized Kenora District in Kenora District, northwestern Ontario, Canada. It is about 8.5 km long and 6.3 km wide and lies at an elevation of 356 m. The town centre of Sioux Lookout is on the east shore of the lake, the railway point Pelican on the southwest, and the Canadian National Railway transcontinental main line  crosses the lake and runs along the west shore.</p><br>
<p>The primary inflow is the English River which comes over the Frog Rapids from Abram Lake at Frog Rapids Narrows at the south end of the lake. Another significant inflow is an unnamed river at the northwest of the lake, arriving from Botham Bay on Big Vermillion Lake. The primary outflow is the English River over the Pelican Falls to Lost Lake (Ontario) at the northwest corner of the lake, which flows via the Winnipeg River and the Nelson River to Hudson Bay.</p><br>
<p>The Church of St. Ignatius of Loyola is a Roman Catholic parish church located on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, New York City, administered by the Society of Jesus . The parish is under the authority of the Archdiocese of New York, and was established in 1851 as St. Lawrence OTooles Church. In 1898, permission to change the patron saint of the parish from St. Lawrence O’Toole to St. Ignatius of Loyola was granted by Rome. The address is 980 Park Avenue, New York City, New York 10028. The church on the southwest corner of Park Avenue and 84th Street is part of a Jesuit complex on the block that includes Wallace Hall, the parish hall, beneath the church, the rectory at the midblock location on Park Avenue, the grade school of St. Ignatius&#39;s School on the north midblock location of 84th Street behind the church and the high school of Loyola School  at the northwest corner of Park Avenue and 83rd Street. In addition, another Jesuit high school, Regis High School , occupies the midblock location on the north side of 84th Street. The church was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 24, 1980.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The parish was established in 1851. Occupying "the site of the former St. Lawrence OToole Church, founded in 1851, and named for a twelfth-century bishop of Dublin by the parishs first pastor, the Rev. Eugene O&#39;Reilly from Ireland. The parish was entrusted to the care of the Society of Jesus in 1886 and marked the Jesuits’ first major apostolate in the Yorkville area of New York. Late-nineteenth-century directories listed the address of St. Lawrence at the corner of Park Avenue and East 84th Street.</p><br>
<p>The present grand limestone edifice stands as testimony to both the growing affluence and confidence of the Catholic community on New York’s Upper East Side near the start of the 20th century as well as the ambitious determination of Fr. Neil McKinnon, S.J., pastor of the parish from 1893 to 1907. During his time, Martin J. Scott, later a noted author of novels and controversial literature, worked as assistant priest among the young (1902-1915) and built a day nursery in 1910.</p><br>
<p>The church was declared a New York City Landmark on March 4, 1969. The church was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 24, 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Notable funerals</h2><br>
<p>Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, First Lady – May 1994</p><br>
<p>Aaliyah, singer and actress – August 2001</p><br>
<p>Lena Horne, singer and actress – May 2010</p><br>
<p>Philip Seymour Hoffman, actor – February 2014</p><br>
<p>Oscar de la Renta, fashion designer – November 2014</p><br>
<p>Mario Cuomo, governor of New York – January 2015</p><br>
<p>Ann Mara, co-owner of N.Y. Giants Football Team – February 2015</p><br>
<p>David Carr (journalist), N.Y. Times media columnist – February 2015</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>A wooden church was erected in 1852, which was replaced in 1853 by a modest brick structure.</p><br>
<p>The church&#39;s present foundation was built 1884-1886 as the foundations to a planned Gothic design. The parish was transferred to Jesuit control in 1886.</p><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>St. Ignatius Loyola, A Pictorial History and Walking Guide of New York City’s Church of St. Ignatius Loyola (1999) includes an exemplary description of the exterior and interior of the church:</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The church is constructed of American, European, and African marbles, including pink Tennessee, red-veined Numidian, yellow Siena, pink Algerian marble, white Carrara marble, and veined Pavonazzo marble; most of the intricate marble work was executed by the firm of James G. Batterson, Jr., and John Eisele of New York.</p><br>
<p>The marble mosaic Stations of the Cross panels were designed by Professor Paoletti for Salviati & Company of Venice; some were publicly exhibited in Turin before installation.</p><br>
<p>“The great twelve-panel bronze doors located at the sanctuary end of the side aisles… were designed by the Rev. Patrick O’Gorman, S.J., pastor from 1924 to 1929... crafted by the Long Island Bronze Company….”</p><br>
<p>The Jesuit statues, including St. Francis Xavier and St. John Francis Regis were carved by the Joseph Sibbel Studio of New York in Carrara marble.</p><br>
<p>The church is notable for its organ, dedicated in 1993 and built by N.P. Mander of London, “this instrument is New York City’s largest mechanical action (tracker) pipe organ, and the largest mechanical action pipe organ ever to have been built in the British Isles.”</p><br>
<p>Baptistery: The semi-circular wrought-iron baptistery screen in the Chapel of John the Baptist of gilt flaming swords was wrought by Mr. John Williams to the designs of William Schickel. The baptistery font is of Carrara marble set above marble pavement designed “by Heaton, Butler & Bayne of London, with slight modifications made by Mr. John Buck of the Ecclesiastical Department of the Gorham Company of New York; the Gorham Company was also responsible for cutting and installing the mosaic’s tesserae (the pieces comprising the mosaic).” The baptisterys altar and surround curved walls are of Pavonazzo marble inlaid with mosaics, “designed and executed under the direction of Mr. Caryl Coleman of the Ecclesiastical Department of the Tiffany Glass and Decorating Company. These mosaics, composed of that company’s justly famous opalescent Favrile glass, are as delicate as the Venetian glass mosaics above are bold.” Tiffany also executed the baptisterys semi-dome.</p><br>
<h2>List of Rectors</h2><br>
<p>1. Rev. Eugene O&#39;Reilly, rector 1851-August 5, 1852</p><br>
<p>2. Rev. Thomas Ouellet, S.J., rector 1852-</p><br>
<p>11. Rev. Robert Fulton, S.J.(1826-1895), rector November 1, 1880-</p><br>
<p>13. Rev. Neil McKinnon, S.J., rector July 31, 1893-1907 (parish rededicated on December 11, 1898, with new upper church dedicated to St. Ignatius Loyola and lower church dedicated to St. Lawrence O&#39;Toole)</p><br>
<p>William O&#39;Brien Pardow, S.J., rector 1907-1909</p><br>
<p>David Hearn, S.J., rector 1909-1915</p><br>
<p>Cowles Havens Richards, S.J., rector 1915-1919</p><br>
<p>James J. Kilrowy, S.J., rector 1919-1924</p><br>
<p>Patrick F. O&#39;Gorman, S.J., rector 1924-1929</p><br>
<p>Edward J. Sweeney, S.J., rector 1930-1933</p><br>
<p>William J. Devlin, S.J., rector 1933-1935</p><br>
<p>W. Coleman Nevils, S.J., rector 1935-1940</p><br>
<p>Francis A. McQuade, S.J., rector 1940-1945</p><br>
<p>John Edwards Gratton, S.J., rector 1945-1949</p><br>
<p>C. Justin Hanley, S.J., rector 1949-1952</p><br>
<p>Robert I. Gannon, S.J., rector 1952-1958</p><br>
<p>John J. McGinty, S.J., rector 1958-1960</p><br>
<p>William T. Wood, S.J., rector 1960-1966</p><br>
<p>Charles T. Taylor, S.J., rector 1966-1970</p><br>
<p>Robert J. Haskins, S.J., rector 1970-1979</p><br>
<p>Victor R. Yanitelli, S.J., rector 1980-1986</p><br>
<p>Walter F. Modrys, S.J., rector 1986-2005</p><br>
<p>Gerald R. Blaszczak, S.J., rector 2005-2008</p><br>
<p>William J. Bergen, S.J., acting rector June-August 2008</p><br>
<p>George M. Witt, S.J., rector 2008-2015</p><br>
<p>Thomas H. Feely, S.J., parish administrator 2015–2016</p><br>
<p>Dennis J. Yesalonia, S.J., rector 2016-Present</p><br>
<p>The Frost Place is a museum and nonprofit educational center for poetry located at Robert Frost&#39;s former home in Franconia, New Hampshire, United States.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Frost and his family lived in the house from 1915 to 1920, and spent their summers there for nearly twenty years. The Frost Place was founded in 1976 when the farm was purchased by the town of Franconia, restored, and given its name, opening as a museum in 1977.</p><br>
<h2>Conference on Poetry</h2><br>
<p>The Frost Place sponsors a, a, and a. The Conference on Poetry is directed by poet Martha Rhodes. The Poetry Seminar is directed by poet Patrick Donnelly. The Conference on Poetry and Teaching is directed by poet Dawn Potter; associate director is poet Teresa Carson.</p><br>
<h2>Management</h2><br>
<p>A board of trustees assumed responsibility for the management of the museum and associated programs, and Donald Sheehan served as executive director until 2005. In 2006, the trustees appointed Jim Schley to be Sheehan&#39;s successor. From the fall of 2008 until April 2011 the trustees managed The Frost Place. In April 2011, Maudelle Driskell was named executive director.</p><br>
<h2>Resident poets</h2><br>
<p>The Fyler–Hotchkiss Estate, also known as the Hotchkiss-Fyler House Museum, is a historic house museum at 192 Main Street in Torrington, Connecticut. Operated by the Torrington Historical Society, its main house is a well-preserved and distinctive example of Chateauesque Victorian architecture. It is also significant for its association with Orsamus Fyler, a prominent local politician and businessman. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Fyler-Hotchkiss Estate is located north of Torrington&#39;s central business district, on the east side of Main Street north of city hall and the Catholic church. The estate complex includes two houses and a carriage house, set back from the street. The main house is a large 2-1/2 story brick structure, with a cruciform plan. It has a hipped roof with gabled sections projecting to the sides, and dormers on the front and rear roof faces. A porte-cochere projects from the left side, and a circular three-story turret with conical roof projects from the left front corner. The front-facing gable dormer has a sculpted outline that is repeated at a much smaller scale in dormers rising in front of the turret roof. The main house, the Fyler–Hotchkiss house, is Chateauesque in style.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1897 to a design by William H. Allen for Orsamus Fyler. Fyler was a prominent local businessman and politician, who served in the American Civil War and was active in Republican Party politics. As state insurance commissioner he oversaw important reforms to the state&#39;s insurance regulations. The house passed to Gertrude Fyler Hotchkiss and Edward Hotchkiss, who was also prominent in local politics and business. The adjacent Italianate house, part of the original purchase by Orsamus Fyler, was used by the family as a rental property.</p><br>
<p>The Messapio ) is a small mountain range located in the northeastern part of Boeotia and the mainland part of Euboea regional unit in central Greece. It borders on the North Euboean Gulf and the Euripus Strait to the north and east. Its highest point is 1,021 m. It is 20 km long and 10 to 15 km wide and covers and area of 300 km². It separates the area around Chalcis from the Boeotian plains around Thebes. In the south, on the slope of the 740 m high mountain Ypato, there is the monastery of the Transfiguration of the Saviour. The nearest mountain ranges are the Ptoo to the northwest. The Motorway 1  passes south of the mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Settlements</h2><br>
<p>North: Loukisia, Anthidona</p><br>
<p>East: Chalcis, Vathy and Ritsona</p><br>
<p>South: Ypato</p><br>
<p>West: Mouriki</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Messapion was mentioned by Pausanias in his Description of Greece. Most of the mountain used to be covered with dense pine forests, and it was rich in animals such as foxes, jackals and wolves. But fires and deforestation have largely destroyed the forests since the 1940s.</p><br>
<p>The Broom Building is located at 701 Wheeling Avenue in Cambridge, Ohio. The property was listed on the National Register on 1983-02-17.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The property was purchased by Adam Broom in the late nineteenth century for commercial purposes. He built a large building in 1890 in the Italianate style and operated his grocery at the site until the turn of the century. The building was then purchased by William Harper, another grocer, who ran his store at the location from 1901 until 1917. The building was also used for the Practical Business College.</p><br>
<h2>Appearance</h2><br>
<p>The three-story brick building is rectangular in shape to fit its lot. The corner of the building is rounded off and contains the main entrance. Another entrance is located to the right of the main entrance with a large picture window in between. Small rectangular windows line the west facade and illuminate the interior ground floor. Stone surrounds the entrances and windows and breaks up the monotony of the brick face. The second floor contains long rectangular windows which are set within rusticated stone blocks. Brick pilasters line the walls along the rounded corner and are set with windows in between. All windows on this floor are 1/1 sash. The third floor is lined with the same 1/1 sash windows as the floor below, but are surmounted by a brick arch with a decorative keystone of rusticated stone. A stone belt course also lines the third floor at the top of the windows and runs the entire length of the building. A stone block is located on the rounded corner and bears the word "Broom" in large block letters. The flat roof sets on a metal cornice with a panelled frieze and egg and dart moulding. The overhang is supported by consoles and folated ornament. Large red brick chimenys rise from the roof.</p><br>
<h2>Historic site</h2><br>
<p>In early 1983, the Broom Building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying because of its historically significant architecture. Critical to its designation was its status as one of Cambridge&#39;s few remaining Italianate buildings without major modifications: numerous Italianate buildings once lined Wheeling Avenue downtown, but few have survived to the present.</p><br>
<p>The James Alldis House is a Queen Anne style house at 355 Prospect Street in Torrington, Connecticut which is significant for it being a fine, well-preserved example of Queen Anne architecture, and also locally for its association with the largest industry in Torrington, the needle manufacturing plant which became the Torrington Company. It was built for James Alldis, supervisor at the firm, and a leading citizen of Torrington. The house was built in 1895 and retains most of its original features, including the hardwood floors, most of the original lighting fixtures and door hardware, and the original hot air heat distribution system. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The property includes a second contributing building, which is a carriage house.</p><br>
<p>The house&#39;s "irregular plan and massing", its round tower with conical roof, and its "elaborate porch of sawn and turned woodwork", and "intricacy of detail" elsewhere are all characteristic of Queen Anne style exteriors. Besides variety in massing, variety is also expressed in a wide variety of window designs and surface textures. The first floor exterior is straight-lined, composed of narrow smooth clapboards; the exterior of the second floor and above is textured and wavy in its edges.</p><br>
<p>The house&#39;s interior is also Queene Anne style overall in that it includes classical detail work (of a variety of named styles), and it also is very well preserved. Interior details include a tiled fireplace. The house has two colored-glass windows, one believed to be from Tiffany Studios and one from Bigelow Studios.</p><br>
<h2>James Alldis</h2><br>
<p>James Alldis (1839–1910) was a leading citizen. English-born, he immigrated to the USA at age 14. He was supervisor of the Excelsior Needle Company, a needle manufacturing firm which became the Torrington Company, and which was the largest employer in Torrington. He worked there from 1869 to 1899, when he retired. He was a "principal shareholder" in the Torrington and Winsted Street Railway and served as its president from 1899 to 1906, when it was sold to the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad. He was a Democrat in a Republican town. He purchased the property to have this substantial house built in 1895.</p><br>
<h2>Recent use</h2><br>
<p>In 1895, the house&#39;s location was in a "fine residential neighborhood" although very close to the downtown business area. Currently there is a church and other institutional buildings on the same block, and the Alldis House and at least one other house have been adapted for non-residential use. The house now houses a law firm on two floors and an apartment above.</p><br>
<p>Marie Louise Island is a low-lying coral island in the Amirantes group of the Outer Islands of the Republic of Seychelles, in the western Indian Ocean, with a distance of 308 km south-west of Victoria, Seychelles.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Island was named by the Chevalier du Roslan in 1771 after his ship Marie Louise. Since the end of the 19th century, the island has been leased and inhabited without interruption. In 1905, the population numbered 86. There was an export of 3500 tons of guano that year. Guano had been the main economy until 1963, when still 3000 tons were produced. Additional products were copra and dried fish.</p><br>
<p>In the 1980s there have been attempts in developing the island into a tourist destination. Some bungalows were constructed. The attempts failed because of air traffic limitations due to the large number of seabirds. Additionally, airplane landing is difficult, because of the steep coast that is littered with rocks.</p><br>
<p>In 2012 the government established a new prison on the island.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Marie Louise Island, with an area of 55.6 ha, is located at the southern end of the Amirantes 13 km from its nearest neighbor, Desnoeufs Island. The island is a low and sandy coral cay, roughly oval in shape, and has a maximum elevation of 9 m.</p><br>
<p>More than half of the island, in the northwestern part, is cultivated with coconut palms.</p><br>
<p>There is a coral reef on the east side of the island which breaks.</p><br>
<p>Landing by boat is difficult.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>It is permanently inhabited with a population of about 11. 6 are IDC staff members, 1 is a medic person for the island, and there is one remaining family at the original village. The villagers are agricultural workers and beach fishermen and are based in a small settlement on the north-west coast above the beach and opposite the only safe anchorage.</p><br>
<p>There are also 98 inmates in the state prison guarded by 3 Seychelles officers, and 30 gurkha security guards.</p><br>
<p>With a population of 142 as of February 2015, this made Marie Louise Island the most populated of the Amirantes at that time. However, the prison was closed in 2017.</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>The island belongs to Outer Islands District.</p><br>
<p>Being an island with a small population, there are not any government buildings or services. For many services, people have to go to Victoria, which is a difficult task.</p><br>
<h2>Transport</h2><br>
<p>The island is bisected by a 550 m unpaved airstrip (ICAO code FSMA) that follows the north-south axis. currently there are no regular air services.</p><br>
<h2>Economics</h2><br>
<p>The inhabitants on the island are engaged in very small scale farming and fishing which are mainly for the island consumption.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>The vegetation is dominated by coconut-palms and Casuarina equisetifolia trees. It is used as a support base for the harvesting of sooty tern eggs on neighboring Desnoeufs Island during the nesting season from June to August. Marie Louise has been identified as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports breeding colonies of brown (2000 pairs) and lesser noddies (3500 pairs), and white terns (3000 pairs). Green and hawksbill sea turtles also nest there.</p><br>
<p>The island is known for its rich fish life.</p><br>
<h2>Image gallery</h2><br>
<p>Rémire Island, or Eagle island, is an island in Seychelles, lying in the Outer Islands of Seychelles, with a distance of 245 km south of Victoria, Seychelles.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Rémire Island bears the name of an English ship which visited it in 1771 by the Chevalier de la Biollière.</p><br>
<p>In 1935 the ship ‘‘Diego” of Mauritius went ashore in a gale off Rémire. It probably struck the reef. Cast on a small island the passengers and crew of 68, which included a lady of some 100 years old and a 6-month old baby were finally rescued.</p><br>
<p>Between the years 1950 - 1960, Rémire had a Guano mining camp. It was heavily exploited for its guano, more than 100,000 tons of compacted sea birds manure was mined and heavily excavated particularly by the Seychelles Guano Company. In 1960 the workers where evicted and the Guano mine closed.</p><br>
<p>Between 1960-1970 it was the home for Wendy Veevers-Carter (daughter of Clarence Day), who lived there with her husband Mark Veevers-Carter. She described the island in detail in Island Home by</p><br>
<p>in 1970 the island became uninhabited, and was reserved (not for sale) as a presidential retreat in case of a coup-de-tat until 2010.</p><br>
<p>in 2010, the IDC took charge of the island and stationed a handful of workers there to keep the island clean, tend the coconut plantation, clean the airstrip, and to build a small number of chalets.</p><br>
<p>In 2012, The IDC has opened a small guest house on the north-west coast.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Rémire Island has a size of 0.3 km. It is located 2.5 km west of the southern extremity of Remire Reef, detached from it and a separate geographical unit. It is about halfway between African Banks, which is 25 km north, and D&#39;Arros Island, 31.5 km south. It has trees over 15 m high.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>There is a small settlement on the western shore. the IDC plans to build a hotel instead of the guesthouses</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>The island belongs to Outer Islands District.</p><br>
<p>Being an island with a small population, there are not any government buildings or services. For many services, people have to go to Victoria, which is a difficult task.</p><br>
<h2>Transport</h2><br>
<p>The island is bisected by a 460 m paved airstrip (ICAO code FSSR) that follows the west-east axis. The island is occasionally serviced by an Island Development Company (IDC) aircraft from Mahé.</p><br>
<h2>Economics</h2><br>
<p>The inhabitants on the island are engaged in very small scale farming and fishing which are mainly for the island consumption.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>The island is known for its rich fish life.</p><br>
<p>A variety of seabirds including the fairy tern and lesser noddy are seen on the island, but the number of birds has declined over the ears. In the early 1990s, peacocks were introduced to the island.</p><br>
<h2>Image gallery</h2><br>
<p>The Château du Haut-Ribeaupierre  is one of three castles  which overlook the commune of Ribeauvillé in the Haut-Rhin département of France. Situated at an altitude of 642 m, it overlooks the other two castles.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Château du Haut-Ribeaupierre is the oldest of the Ribeaupierre&#39;s castles, its existence being known from 1084. It was constructed on an ancient Roman site. Then known as the "Altenkastel", it was Anselme de Ribeaupierre who took possession of the castle in 1288. Around 1368, Brunon de Ribeaupierre became owner. Dedicated to a ferocious hatred for the English, he imprisoned Sir John Harleston, who had an imperial safe conduct, in the keep from 1384 to 1387. He was only freed with the payment of a large ransom and after pressure from the Holy Roman Empire. At the end of the 13th century, the castle became a residence of the Ribeaupierres. Another noted prisoner was held in the keep in 1477. Philippe de Croy, Count of Chinay, ally of Charles the Bold, was captured by a Ribeaupierre at Nancy.</p><br>
<p>Most of the castle today is completely ruined and surrounded by dense vegetation.</p><br>
<p>It has been listed since 1841 as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture.</p><br>
<p>9 Pool Valley is a late 18th-century house and shop in the centre of Brighton, part of the English city of Brighton and Hove. Built as a bakery and shop for a local family, with two floors of living accommodation above, it later passed to another Brighton family who kept up the baking tradition until the mid-20th century. Since then it has had various commercial uses. Described as "one of the most famous surviving early buildings" in Brighton and "a charming relic", the exterior is clad in distinctive black glazed mathematical tiles. English Heritage has listed it at Grade II* for its architectural and historical importance.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Brighton is situated on the English Channel coast at a point where several valleys meet the sea. One of these was formed by the flow of the River Wellesbourne, a winterbourne which came to the surface at Patcham. The intermittent flow of the stream created a boggy, marshy area of land around which the old village of Brighthelmstone developed. Just before entering the sea, it formed a small pool. As demand for land grew in the late 18th century during a period of rapid growth, the Wellesbourne was diverted into a culvert and built over: the Prince of Wales and the Duke of Marlborough paid for this.</p><br>
<p>Pool Valley connected the south end of Old Steine and the seafront. Old Steine (or The Steine) was the name now given to the marshy valley bottom previously used by fishermen drying their nets, and for the growing of hemp: it had been drained, and by 1790 it formed the focal point of the growing town of Brighton. railings were built around the land; and the fishermen were evicted.</p><br>
<p>As soon as the new road opened, buildings were built on both sides. In 1845, the business was run as a bakery and shop by Sarah Streeter. The Cowley family, long established in Brighton, took over at some point before the 1861 Census, after which the business became known as Cowleys Bun Shop and, later, Ye Olde Bunn Shoppe. Around the middle of the 20th century, the building passed out of the Cowley familys ownership, and the ground-floor shop unit was converted to other commercial uses such as a restaurant.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed at Grade II* on 13 October 1952. Such buildings are defined as being "particularly important... of more than special interest". As of February 2001, it was one of 70 Grade II*-listed buildings and structures, and 1,218 listed buildings of all grades, in the city of Brighton and Hove.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building is one of the oldest surviving houses in Brighton, and has been called "one of most famous surviving early buildings". Its modest appearance and small size prompted architectural historian Harry Stuart Goodhart-Rendel, a former resident of Brighton, to call it "as charming a relic of... Brighthelmstone as anyone could wish to see". It is a three-storey building with a modern shopfront on the lowest floor, two storeys in residential use above, and a large hipped roof with dormer windows. The top two floors are laid with black glazed mathematical tiles—often used in the 18th and 19th centuries on buildings in Brighton, and a characteristic feature of the local architecture. The second and third storeys also have canted bay windows; to the sides and rear (facing an ancient alleyway), original sash windows remain. The left dormer window is a casement, while the right has a sash window.</p><br>
<p>The Château de Saint-Ulrich  is one of three castles  which overlooks the commune of Ribeauvillé in the Haut-Rhin département of France. It is situated at an altitude of 528 m.</p><br>
<p>The present name of the site is from the chapel dedicated to Saint Ulrich of Augsburg which is found in the castle. Medieval texts never gave the present name - the castle had the name of the Rappolstein dynasty (or Ribeaupierre in the French style).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>From the 11th to the 16th centuries, the castle was the principal residence of the powerful lords of Ribeaupierre. There must have been another castle on the same site which belonged in 1114 to the Bishop of Basle. It was occupied militarily by Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor, who used it as a strongpoint in his war against the Eguisheims. It was then returned to the Bishop of Basle who restored it to the Ribeaupierres. Anselme II de Ribeaupierre, who chased the other members of the family from the castle, successfully survived two sieges, in 1287 by Rudolph I of Germany and, in 1293, his successor Adolf. A celebrated crimal, Dame Cunégonde d&#39;Hungersheim, was incarcerated in the keep and tried to escape with the aid of a guard.</p><br>
<p>The castle is a very fine example of the military architecture of Alsace in the Middle Ages, including a keep erected in the 12th century and a residence with chimney of the 12th century. In the 13th century, the salle des chevaliers (knights&#39; hall) was decorated with nine beautiful windows in the Romanesque style which can still be seen. In the same period (1435), the chapel dedicated to Saint Ulrich, Bishop of Augsburg, was built.</p><br>
<p>The Ribeaupierre family left this castle in the 16th century for a Renaissance-style mansion (the present school in Ribeauvillé). The castle was dismantled during the Thirty Years&#39; War.</p><br>
<h2>The castle today</h2><br>
<p>The visible remains date from several epochs:</p><br>
<p>12th century: Square keep and the corps de logis</p><br>
<p>13th century: Salle des chevaliers, and the residential tower</p><br>
<p>14th century: Barbican and outer enceinte</p><br>
<p>15th century: Chapel (Saint-Ulrich)</p><br>
<p>The Château de Saint-Ulrich has been listed since 1841 as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture.</p><br>
<h2>The legend of the mortal arrow</h2><br>
<p>Two Ribeaupierre brothers, one living in the château de Saint-Ulrich, the other in Girsberg, had agreed to go hunting the next day. They had arranged a signal: the first to wake would fire an arrow at the others shutters. The Saint-Ulrich brother awoke first and shot an arrow towards his brothers shutters. But the latter, at the moment the arrow arrived, opened his shutters. He died, his heart pierced.</p><br>
<p>La Pacana is a Miocene age caldera in northern Chile&#39;s Antofagasta Region. Part of the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes, it is part of the Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex, a major caldera and silicic ignimbrite volcanic field. This volcanic field is located in remote regions at the Zapaleri tripoint between Chile, Bolivia and Argentina.</p><br>
<p>La Pacana along with other regional volcanoes was formed by the subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath the South American Plate in the Peru-Chile Trench. La Pacana is situated in a basement formed by various Paleozoic formations and Tertiary ignimbrites and volcanoes. Several major faults cross the region at La Pacana and have influenced its volcanic activity.</p><br>
<p>La Pacana is a supervolcano and is responsible for the eruption of the giant Atana ignimbrite, which reaches a volume of 2,451 - and constitutes the fifth-largest explosive eruption known. The Atana ignimbrite was erupted 3.8 ± 0.1 and 4.2 ± 0.1 million years ago, almost simultaneously with the much smaller (volume of 180 km3) Toconao ignimbrite. Other ignimbrites were erupted by La Pacana before (the Pujsa ignimbrite) and after (the Filo Delgado and Pampa Chamaca/Talabre ignimbrites) the Atana/Toconao ignimbrites.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and structure</h2><br>
<p>La Pacana lies in the Antofagasta Region of Chile, in the Andes just north of the Tropic of Capricorn. The border between Chile and Bolivia crosses the northern sector of the caldera. The area of La Pacana is largely uninhabitated; small settlements such as Socaire, Talabre and Toconao exist close to the Salar de Atacama, where streams descend the mountain slopes to the salar. The caldera was discovered during mapping efforts in the region between 1980-1985.</p><br>
<p>La Pacana is part of the Central Volcanic Zone, one of the four volcanic zones that make up the Andean Volcanic Belt and which are separated from each other by gaps without ongoing volcanic activity. A number of stratovolcanoes and ignimbrite-forming centres have erupted in the Central Volcanic Zone since the Miocene, about 50 of which are considered to be active. In addition, the Central Volcanic Zone features about 18 minor volcanic fields. The largest historical eruption of the Andes occurred in 1600 at Huaynaputina in Peru in the Central Volcanic Zone, and most active volcano of the Central Volcanic Zone is Láscar in Chile.</p><br>
<p>La Pacana has a diameter of 60 x with a north-south elongation. This is one of the best exposed and largest calderas in the world; the largest caldera known is Toba in Sumatra with a maximum length of 100 km. La Pacana might not be a single caldera; some reconstructions imply that the northern parts of the caldera are actually a separate collapse structure. The floor of the caldera lies at an elevation of 4,200 -, the central uplift and the caldera rim are higher and reach 5,200 m. The caldera rim is well exposed except in the northern and western sides, where later volcanism has buried it. After the formation of the caldera, sediments and tuffs within the caldera were uplifted over an angular area of 350 km&sup2, forming the 1 km high resurgent dome known as Cordón La Pacana. This resurgent dome is cut by numerous faults and features a poorly developed graben on its summit. Originally it was believed that the present-day calder raim did not coincide with the caldera ring fault, which was instead identified to coincide with margins of the resurgent dome; later research however indicates the present-day topographic margin as the caldera edge. The resurgent dome is separated from the caldera rim by a 2 - wide moat that makes up about two thirds of the entire surface of the caldera, but is interrupted on the northern side of the caldera by the "hinge" of the caldera collapse, which assumed the form of a trap-door. The moat is filled by sediments formed by erosion and by alluvial, evaporite and lacustrine sediments left behind by lakes.</p><br>
<p>The collapse of the caldera cut through older volcanic centres, exposing the Ceja Alta and Quilapana porphyry deposits. Other older volcanic centres exposed in the walls of the caldera are the Cerro Aguas Calientes stratovolcano in the eastern wall and the Cerro Gigantes in the western wall. Volcanic activity resumed within the caldera and at the edge of the resurgent dome, forming lava domes between 4.1 and at least 1.6 million years ago. These volcanic centres include the Corral de Coquena crater and the lava domes of Morro Negro east, Cerro Bola and Purifican west and Cerros de Guayaques north of the resurgent dome. The Arenoso, Chamaca and Chivato Muerto lava domes in the southern wall of the caldera were originally considered to be pre-caldera; later these three domes were identified as post-caldera domes. Stratovolcanoes inside the caldera include the cones associated with the Cerros de Guayaques lava domes and the volcanoes Cerro Incaguasi, Cerros de Pili, Cerros Negros and Huailitas.</p><br>
<p>Some extant hot springs within the caldera may indicate that there is still a geothermal system associated with La Pacana, although not a very important one considering their low temperature (less than 25 &deg;C). A few lakes such as the spring-fed Laguna de Chivato Muerto, Laguna Trinchera and Ojos del Rió Salado, as well as salt pans such as Salar de Aguas Calientes Norte, Salar de Aguas Calientes Sur, Salar de Pujsa and Salar de Quisquiro have developed within the moat. Streams such as Río de Pili and Río Salado complete the hydrology of the caldera.</p><br>
<p>Gravimetric observations have been conducted on La Pacana. A large negative anomaly (an anomaly with less-than-expected mass crust) coincides with the surface of the La Pacana caldera and extends past its borders; it may be a consequence of the caldera being infilled with low-density material. Positive anomalies (anomalies with more-than-expected mass in the crust) are found in the areas surrounding the caldera and dot discrete zones within it; the former represent the dense basement and the latter may be intrusions associated with individual vents.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>In the Peru-Chile Trench, the Nazca Plate subducts beneath the South American Plate at a rate of about 7 -, leading to volcanic activity at distances of 130 - from the trench.</p><br>
<p>Research indicates that subduction has been ongoing since the Jurassic 200 million years ago but accelerated 26 million years ago. After a phase of andesitic volcanism lasting from the late Tertiary to the Miocene, large scale ignimbritic volcanism commenced about 23 million years ago and is still ongoing. It began north of 21° southern latitude with the 23-18 million years old Oxaya formation and the 15-17 million years old Altos de Pica formation. Later the San Bartolo and Silapeti groups were generated, ending by the early Pleistocene. Volcanic activity at La Pacana is more recent than elsewhere in the region, with the oldest volcanic rocks that crop out in La Pacana being between 11 and 7.5 million years old. Large scale ignimbritic activity continued until 2 million years ago.</p><br>
<h3>Regional</h3><br>
<p>The Central Andes are the site of extensive ignimbrites that were erupted from large calderas usually located within the adjacent Altiplano, east of the principal volcanic arc. Many of these calderas are part of the Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex, a large volcanic complex covering a surface area of 70,000 km&sup2; with about 30,000 km3 of ignimbrites. La Pacana is the largest caldera of the Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex. The ignimbrites form a surface that lies at an average elevation of 4,000 m. Stratovolcanoes developed on top of these ignimbrite sheets and today form the most clear expression of volcanic activity in the region, with some of them exceeding the height of 6,000 m above sea level. The long-lasting dry climate means that traces of volcanic activity can be recognizable over long timeframes.</p><br>
<p>The Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex is underpinned by a large seismic velocity anomaly at a depth of 20 km, which may be the largest structure consisting of near-molten (10-20%) rock on Earth. This partial melt zone was formed by the injection of mafic magmas into the lower crust; a major episode of overturning before 10.6 million years ago caused crustal anatexis and started the onset of ignimbritic volcanism. Magmas formed within this melt zone rose into the upper crust and differentiated between depths of 8 - to form the ignimbrite-forming secondary magmas. Presently, the inferred margin of this partially molten zone coincides fairly well with a negative gravimetric anomaly that clusters around the tripoint between Argentina, Bolivia and Chile and with the extent of the Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex.</p><br>
<h3>Local</h3><br>
<p>The basement beneath La Pacana is formed by sediments of Ordovician age, Devonian-Permian quartzites, the mixed Salta formation also of Permian age and sediments of Cretaceous-Tertiary age. At the eastern margin of La Pacana in Argentina, they overlay an even older Precambrian basement. Most of this original basement however is covered by Miocene ignimbrites from centres that may coincide with the La Pacana caldera. Two of these older ignimbrites are known as the Pampa Múcar and Antigua Chacaliri ignimbrites.</p><br>
<p>La Pacana together with the Cerro Guacha and Purico Complex calderas forms the La Pacana Complex. Guacha experienced two major eruptions, of which one occurred 4.1 million years ago. The Purico complex began erupting 1.3 million years ago; it is the youngest centre of the La Pacana Complex with the youngest eruptions occurring during the Holocene. Additional volcanic centres west and southwest of La Pacana are Acamarachi, Láscar, Colachi and Cordón de Puntas Negras.</p><br>
<p>A number of faults transect the region at La Pacana, including the north-south Miscanti Lineament and the Socompa and Quisiquiro lineaments. These lineaments or faults have influenced volcanism and geomorphology in the region, with volcanoes and vents aligning along these lineaments.</p><br>
<h3>Composition</h3><br>
<p>The Toconao and Atana ignimbrites are formed by rhyolite and dacite-rhyodacite, respectively. They form a potassium-rich calc-alkaline suite. Both contain pumices, three different types of which are found in the Atana ignimbrite. Phenocrysts within the ignimbrite are chiefly formed by plagioclase.</p><br>
<p>Both the Atana and the Toconao ignimbrite include minerals like allanite, apatite, biotite, epidote, hornblende, ilmenite, magnetite, monazite, orthopyroxene, plagioclase, quartz, sanidine, titanite and zircon. Not all of these minerals are found in both ignimbrites, and not always in the same phase (crystals or matrix).</p><br>
<p>Ultimately, the magmas at La Pacana are the products of mantle melts interacting with various crustal domains deep in the crust, within the partially molten zone that has been found at depths of 20 km beneath the Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex.</p><br>
<p>Various geothermometers indicate that the Toconao ignimbrite was colder than the Atana ignimbrite; temperatures have been estimated at 730 - and 750 - respectively. While the depth at which the Toconao ignimbrite formed is unknown, the Atana ignimbrite formed at a depth of 7 -. Such a formation depth is comparable to depths estimated for other magmatic systems such as Fish Canyon, Long Valley and Yellowstone.</p><br>
<h2>Climate and biota</h2><br>
<p>Weather records are available for the Salar de Aguas Calientes. There, an average temperature of 1 &deg;C and average precipitation of 150 mm/year have been recorded.</p><br>
<p>There is little vegetation in the dry Altiplano. Nevertheless a number of animal species are found, such as Andean moles, rheas, vicuñas and vizcachas. Ducks, geese and flamingos frequent waterbodies and salars.</p><br>
<h2>Eruption history</h2><br>
<p>La Pacana has erupted almost simultaneously two ignimbrites which differ in composition: The dacitic Atana ignimbrite and the rhyolitic Toconao ignimbrite. The Atana ignimbrite was once considered part of the Guaitiquina ignimbrite, which was later split off, while the Puripicar ignimbrite may be correlated with the Atana instead. Also, some of the ignimbrites erupted by La Pacana originally were attributed to Cerro Guacha. Both ignimbrites originated from different parts of the same magma chamber and their origin in the La Pacana caldera is established by isotope ratios of the rocks and the geographical distribution of their outcrops.</p><br>
<p>Before the eruption of the Toconao and Atana ignimbrites, early activity generated the Pujsa ignimbrite between 5.8 ± 0.1 and 5.7 ± 0.4 million years ago and some stratovolcanoes and porphyries that are cut by the caldera walls. The Pujsa ignimbrite resembles the Atana ignimbrite and like the Toconao ignimbrite is mainly exposed on the western side of the caldera.</p><br>
<p>The first large eruption, which took place between 4 ± 0.9 and 5.3 ± 1.1 million years ago, formed the Toconao ignimbrite. The Toconao ignimbrite crops out mainly west of the caldera; only later were units of the Toconao identified on the eastern side of La Pacana. This ignimbrite has a volume of approximately 180 km3 and is formed by a lower un-indurated and an upper indurated subunit. Tube pumices are contained in the lower subunit and in a less than 10 cm Plinian deposit that was emplaced beneath the Toconao ignimbrite.</p><br>
<p>The formation of the caldera coincided with the eruption of the Atana ignimbrite; the eruption was still underway when the terrain subsided to a depth of 2 - beneath the previous surface in the northwestern segment of La Pacana. Dates obtained on the Atana ignimbrite are between 3.8 ± 0.1 and 4.2 ± 0.1 million years ago, which is not clearly distinguishable from the dates of the Toconao ignimbrite seeing as there is no indication that a pause occurred between the eruption of the two ignimbrites. This ignimbrite is considerably larger than the Toconao ignimbrite, reaching a volume of 2,451 - and a volcanic explosivity index of 8. This makes the Atana eruption the fifth-largest explosive eruption known and La Pacana a supervolcano. The Atana ignimbrite forms a flow sheet that extends from within the caldera to the outside in the form of a 30 - thick structure. This flow sheet originally probably covered a surface area of about 7,700 km&sup2, part of which was later eroded away. The Atana ignimbrite is fairly welded, rich in crystals and poor in lithics. It is underlaid by pumice and ash deposits. Pumice is also found as fragment within the ignimbrite, ranging from white rhyolite to gray andesite. After its eruption, wind and water driven erosion occurred on the Atana ignimbrite, carving valleys and yardangs into it.</p><br>
<p>Some differences exist between the facies of the ignimbrite inside and outside of the caldera, as well as between the western and eastern outcrops. Such differences concern the degree of welding of the ignimbrite, the occurrence or absence of devitrification and the jointing patterns. In fact, a segment of the northern Atana ignimbrite was later considered to not be actually part of the Atana ignimbrite at all because of the different facies and petrology. This separate ignimbrite was christened to be an upper and a lower Tara ignimbrite, possibly erupted by the Cerro Guacha caldera. The Tara ignimbrite fills part of the La Pacana caldera. The total volume of the La Pacana ignimbrites proper is estimated to be about 3,400 -, on the basis of gravimetric information about the volume of the caldera and the infill ignimbrites.</p><br>
<p>The most likely theory for the origin of both Atana and Toconao ignimbrites is that they formed by crystal fractionation within a magma chamber, where the Toconao magma was extracted from convecting dacitic magma that was undergoing crystallization. This volatile-rich and crystal-poor extracted magma erupted first as a Plinian eruption. Then, a most likely tectonic event such as a movement along a fault cutting through the caldera prompted the rise and eruption of the Atana ignimbrite. Two potential vents have been found at the northern and western margins of the caldera, where breccia deposits occur within the Atana ignimbrite. Some of the magma that gave rise to the Atana ignimbrite was erupted after the ignimbrite; the lava domes formed after the caldera collapse were generated by this magma. This category of dependent postcaldera volcanism includes Corral de Coquena and Morro Negro; other postcaldera volcanic centres have different compositions and thus probably formed from different sources tha the Atana magma.</p><br>
<p>Ignimbrite eruptions continued after the formation of the caldera. The Filo Delgado ignimbrite was erupted at some time during the Pliocene from the Huailitas volcano. Its volume is about 0.1 km3. 2.4 ± 0.4 million years ago, the Pampa Chamaca ignimbrite filled the moat between the resurgent dome and the caldera rim. The Pampa Chamaca or Talabre ignimbrite was erupted from a vent probably buried beneath the present-day Cordon de Puntas Negras or the Salar de Aguas Calientes and reached a volume of about 0.5 km3.</p><br>
<p>Roine is a medium-sized lake in Finland. The lake is located in the Pirkanmaa region, mostly in the municipality of Kangasala and for a lesser part in the municipality of Pälkäne.</p><br>
<p>The lake is part of Kokemäenjoki basin and a chain of lakes that consists of Längelmävesi, Vesijärvi, Roine, Pälkänevesi and Mallasvesi. This chain of lakes drains into Vanajavesi in Valkeakoski and from southeast another chain of lakes, consisting of the lakes Lummene, Vehkajärvi, Vesijako, Kuohijärvi, Kukkia, Iso-Roine, Hauhonselkä and Ilmoilanselkä joins into it. In Finnish the former chain of lakes is called Längelmäveden reitti and the latter Hauhon reitti as it runs through the former municipality of Hauho.</p><br>
<p>In Finnish culture Längelmävesi and Roine are well known as they are mentioned in the famous poem "En sommardag i Kangasala" (Kesäpäivä Kangasalla) by Zachris Topelius and have thus became part of Finnish national landscape imagery.</p><br>
<p>At, the Hohe Acht is the highest mountain in the Eifel mountains of Germany. It is located on the boundary between the districts of Ahrweiler and Mayen-Koblenz in Rhineland-Palatinate.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and geology</h2><br>
<p>The Hohe Acht is located in the High Eifel east of Adenau. The mountain is a tertiary volcano, whose cone is composed of Lower Devonian rock and whose summit is made of basalt.</p><br>
<h2>Emperor William Tower</h2><br>
<p>In 1908/09 the Emperor William Tower (Kaiser-Wilhelm-Turm) was erected on the Hohe Acht. The reason for the construction of this stone observation tower, based on plans by the architect, Freiherr von Tettau, Berlin, was the silver wedding of Emperor William II and Empress Augusta Victoria as well as the commemoration of Emperor William I</p><br>
<p>The tower is 16.30 m high and its walls are one metre thick at ground level. The work was carried out by master masons, Karl and Johannes Leidinger, from Adenau using local stone. The cost of construction was 18,000 marks. The tower has been a protected monument since 1987.</p><br>
<p>The Emperor William Tower offers a superb view across the whole Eifel (including the mountains of Scharteberg, Döhmberg, Michelsberg, Hochthürmerberg, Schöneberg, the nearby Nürburg Castle and Hochkelberg), as well as the Siebengebirge and its Großer Ölberg and, in conditions of good visibility, as far as the Westerwald, the Taunus, the Hunsrück and the Lower Rhine.</p><br>
<h2>Walking and winter sports</h2><br>
<p>There is a network of footpaths around the Hohe Acht and, at many places there are good views over the Eifel landscape.</p><br>
<p>In winter the Hohe Acht has some very good winter sport facilities including prepared cross country skiing trails, toboggan runs and ski lifts.</p><br>
<h2>Motor racing</h2><br>
<p>Very close to the Hohe Acht on a 678 m high volcanic cone is Nürburg Castle. A section of the North loop (Nordschleife) on the Formula 1 racetrack at the Nürburgring is known as the Hohe Acht.</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>d´Hein: Nationaler Geopark Vulkanland Eifel. Ein Natur- und Kulturführer. Gaasterland Verlag, Düsseldorf 2006,</p><br>
<p>The Skene Memorial Library is located on Main Street in Fleischmanns, New York, United States. It is also used as the village hall. The frame building, combining elements of the Queen Anne and Shingle architectural styles, dates to the early 20th century. Its exterior incorporates aspects of local train station architecture.</p><br>
<p>It was built by the widow of prominent gynecologist Alexander Skene, who summered in the area, and had founded the library several years before. In addition to her own contributions and contributions from villagers, she raised money from Andrew Carnegie, making it one of the many Carnegie libraries. Later it was deeded to the village. In 2001 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. among its 15,000 volumes.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The library is on an 0.9 acre lot on the north side of Main Street in Fleischmanns&#39; small downtown. The neighborhood is a mix of commercial and residential buildings. Behind the lot is woodlands, rising slightly to a low hill behind a small parking lot. In front is a small lawn with stone monuments to local war veterans, and the sidewalk.</p><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>The building itself is an L-shaped one-story structure on a stone foundation sided in wood shingles. Four narrow wood moldings run around the eave, lintel, sill and water table levels. The high hipped roofs are shingled in asbestos with broad overhanging eaves supported by brackets. Stone chimneys rise from the west side and the east rear.</p><br>
<p>At the center of the south (front) facade is a porch supported by Doric columns and a wooden balustrade topped by a wide frieze and triglyph with dentilled moldings. The words "SKENE MEMORIAL LIBRARY" are on the entablature. Its overhang is also supported by narrow brackets. Three wide stone steps with iron railings climb up to it.</p><br>
<p>Above the porch is an octagonal tower with round-arched windows in alternating facets above the roofline. Its top stage has louvered vents in all but the front facet, which is sheltered by a gabled hood with a small vergeboard. It is topped by a rounded roof with the same bracketed eaves.</p><br>
<p>All windows are in pairs, with a diamond pattern in the upper pane. A similar pattern is in the transoms on the other two entrances, both on the north end of the rear. A modern wheelchair ramp goes up to these from the parking lot.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The double wood and glass doors at the main entrance lead into a small vestibule where stairs provide access to the tower and cellar. From there doors open into the main reading room, rectangular with an elliptical arched ceiling. The original plaster walls have been covered in modern paneling; the original hardwood floors remain. Oak and chestnut molding trims the cornice, doors and windows.</p><br>
<p>Two piers separate the main reading room from a smaller one on the west. It was meant to be separated from the main room by partititions that could be pulled down from the piers, but these may not be operational. The west reading room&#39;s main feature is the large stone fireplace on the west wall, with a decorative stone arch in splayed stone and brick. It has a narrow wooden mantel with a shelf supported by brackets and a 10 in wooden overmantel with decorative carving.</p><br>
<p>East of the main reading room is a stage area. It is recessed behind a partition and reached by three sets of stairs. Both it and the west reading room have molded window and door treatments similar to the main reading room. They can also be found in the small reading room in the north wing. The other room there, the village clerk&#39;s office, has been completely redone and has none of its original finishings.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the late 19th century, the economy of the Catskills had shifted from forest-product industries to resorts, with the establishment of the state Forest Preserve and the completion of the Ulster and Delaware Railroad. The Fleischmanns area became the summer residence of a number of celebrities of the era, such as baking magnate Charles Louis Fleischmann, for whom it would later be renamed, conductor Anton Seidl, opera singer Amelita Galli-Curci, and Alexander Skene.</p><br>
<p>The latter, a Scottish emigrant, was a pioneering gynecologist who founded the American Gynecological Society and for whom Skene&#39;s gland is named. He and his wife, Belgian-born Annette Wilhelmine Lillian Van der Wegen, built Bonnie Em, a Scottish-style castle, as their summer home on the slopes of Belleayre Mountain in nearby Highmount.</p><br>
<p>In the 1890s, Annette Skene had been trying to get the community to organize a public library, offering to start it with a donation of 500 books from her own library. In 1896, after two years of her entreaties, a library association was formed. Two residents donated the present site in 1901. Initially, funding for a library building came from subscription fees paid by Fleischmanns residents. Mrs. Skene also wrote to Andrew Carnegie, who was offering to finance what came to be called Carnegie libraries in English-speaking countries at the time, in gratitude for the role libraries had played in his life. He contributed $5,000 ($ in contemporary dollars) on the usual condition that the community building the library pledge a tenth of that amount annually for maintenance and support. Fleischmanns was able to raise double that amount, and began the collection with 875 books, including Mrs. Skene&#39;s original donation. The builder, Crosby Kelly, was another local resident and subscriber.</p><br>
<p>The library was opened late in 1901, named in memory of Alexander Skene, who had died the previous year. At that time, Carnegie funded libraries without any review of the plans for the proposed building, and New York architects Henry and Marshall Emery, summer residents who had also been among the subscribers, had a free hand. Most of their work is in the Rockland County village of Nyack, where Henry Emery moved the practice after his brother&#39;s death in 1921, and Albany and New York City.</p><br>
<p>The Skene library is not as high in style as the Emerys&#39; other known work and seems to have been designed more to blend in with other local architecture. It combines the Queen Anne and Shingle styles, both popular for resorts and cottages in the 1890s. Features such as the overhanging roof, eaves and shingled siding also suggest the railroad stations in the area.</p><br>
<p>Marshall Emery and Annette Skene married, and continued to support the library for several years, donating a heater in 1905. The year before, the association&#39;s minutes reflect a donation of $130 from the local Ladies Aid Society to hold a fair, which continued for many years. Performances were given on the stage, many using a grand piano that has since been lost. One local resident recalls seeing her first film, a Tom Mix western, at the library.</p><br>
<p>In 1928 it was deeded to the village for use as a municipal building. It continues in both roles today. There have been no significant changes associated with this use other than the remodeling of one of the rear rooms to serve as the clerk&#39;s office.</p><br>
<p>La Iglesia Pentecostal La Luz del Mundo / Light of the World Church Pentecostal Church is an Assemblies of God Pentecostal church in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, New York City, located at 179 South 9th Street, occupying the historic 19th-century former New England Congregational Church since 1955.</p><br>
<p>The former New England Congregational Church was a Congregational Church built between 1852 and 1853 in the Italianate-style to designs by Thomas Little. It is a brick building faced in brownstone with wood and metal trim. Henry Ward Beecher gave the keynote address at the cornerstone laying and his younger brother Thomas K. Beecher was the guiding spirit for the young congregation. The adjacent rectory was built in 1868.</p><br>
<p>At some point, the Congregational congregation sold the church and it was operating as a Lutheran church in the mid 20th century. The Lutherans sold the church in 1955 to Iglesia Pentecostal La Luz del Mundo / Light of the World Church Pentecostal Church (Assemblies of God Pentecostal). It was landmark protected in 1981. It was restored between 1988 and 1993, and as of 2008 was still in use. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>Patcham Place is a mansion in the ancient village of Patcham, now part of the English city of Brighton and Hove. Built in 1558 as part of the Patcham Place estate, it was owned for many years by Anthony Stapley, one of the signatories of King Charles I&#39;s death warrant. It was extended and almost completely rebuilt in 1764, with traces of the older buildings remaining behind the Classical façade with its expanses of black glazed mathematical tiles—a feature typical of Brighton buildings of the era. Contemporary uses have included a youth hostel, but the house is currently occupied by live-in security. English Heritage has listed it at Grade II* for its architectural and historical importance.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The parish of Patcham, covering 4,325 acre of chalk downland north of Brighton, has Saxon origins, and the remains of farmsteads and intermittent settlements can still be discerned. The territory includes several north–south valleys with intermittent streams (winterbournes).</p><br>
<p>At the time of the Domesday survey in 1086, William de Warenne, 1st Earl of Surrey—who owned large areas of land in present-day Sussex—held the manor of Patcham. The predecessor of the present All Saints Church existed, and there was a small village around it. In the Middle Ages, another estate developed within the parish. A house, Patcham Place, was built in an isolated position west of the road Richard Shelley is believed to have lived in Patcham from 1546</p><br>
<p>Later in the 16th century, the estate passed to Richard Shelleys sons, one of whom sold it to Anthony Stapley in about 1620. The sale included Patcham Place, and Stapley made it his home for the next 35 years. During this time, he was the Governor of Chichester (the county town of West Sussex) for three years, became one of the 59 signatories of King Charles Is death warrant at his trial in 1649, and subsequently became a member of the English Council of State.</p><br>
<p>Patcham Place stayed in the Stapley family until 1700, after which it passed through several owners (including George Nevill, 1st Earl of Abergavenny). In 1764, Major John Payne (or Paine) bought the house, and immediately set about extending and rebuilding it, eliminating all traces of the 16th-century structure. Payne and his descendants lived in the house for many years, but in 1926, as suburban residential development began to reach the old village of Patcham, Brighton Corporation (predecessor of the present Brighton and Hove City Council) bought the house and its grounds for £6,000 (£ in ). Brighton and Hove City Council owned it thereafter. In January 2012, the council announced they would be selling the lease to a company which would turn the building into a business and community centre.</p><br>
<p>It was subsequently sold off to Brighton born businessmen Mark Ratcliffe, Chris Gargan and Peter McDonnell for 1.3 million pounds on 22 February 2013.</p><br>
<p>A £2 million, phased restoration programme of Patcham Place and Stables is currently being undertaken by the new owners.</p><br>
<p>Patcham Place was listed at Grade II* on 13 October 1952. In February 2001, it was one of 70 Grade II*-listed buildings and structures, and 1,218 listed buildings of all grades, in the city of Brighton and Hove.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Patcham Place&#39;s present appearance is entirely 18th-century. Its style is Classical, suggested by features such as its three-bay pediment and Tuscan-columned entrance porch. Elsewhere, stucco is used, except for some flint and brickwork at the rear. The roof is laid with slates and tiles.</p><br>
<p>The entrance is on the northwest face, which has seven bays. The centre three are set forward slightly and are topped by a pediment with an inset oculus and a cornice with dentil elements. The panelled wood door is 18th-century, and sits below an arched fanlight. The windows on this face are sashes topped with stuccoed architraves. On the other walls, the windows are irregularly spaced; some original sashes survive, and there are also two canted bay windows.</p><br>
<p>The interior has several large fireplaces and an ornate chimney-breast decorated with carved egg-and-dart motifs and flanked by pilasters. A pilastered archway leads from the hall to the staircase, which has an elaborate stair-rail. Many of the internal doors and windows are topped with architraves.</p><br>
<p>The Church of the Transfiguration is a Roman Catholic parish located at 25 Mott Street on the northwest corner of Mosco Street  in the Chinatown neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. The parish is under the authority of the Archdiocese of New York and is staffed by the Maryknoll order.</p><br>
<h2>History and description</h2><br>
<p>The church was built in 1801 in the Georgian style of architecture for the Zion English Lutheran Church., a Lutheran congregation that subsequently converted en masse to the Protestant Episcopal Church. The church then became known as Zion Protestant Episcopal Church. It was rebuilt after a major fire in 1815 which gutted the church and 35 dwellings in the surrounding Five Points neighborhood. The church was rebuilt thanks to the effort of congregation member Peter Lorillard.</p><br>
<p>The Episcopal congregation sold the building in 1853 to the Roman Catholic Church of the Immigrants parish, which had been founded in 1827 by the Rev. Felix Varela y Morales to minister to the poor Irish in the Five Points who were predominantly Roman Catholic. The parish later changed its name to the Church of the Transfiguration.</p><br>
<p>The church is one of four on the Lower East Side built from Manhattan schist. A copper-covered octagonal tower designed by Henry Engelbert was added to the church building in 1868, when the Gothic windows are assumed to have been added as well.</p><br>
<p>The church was designated a New York City landmark in 1966, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Parish</h2><br>
<p>By the 1840s, many new European immigrants had arrived in the area served by the church, which became known as the "Five Points". Many of the earlier Protestant residents moved to northern parts of the city, which prompted the church being sold to the Roman Catholic Diocese of New York. Over the years it has continued to serve the Irish, Italian and more recently Chinese immigrant communities.</p><br>
<p>Today, this parish serves an almost entirely Chinese congregation. It offers Sunday masses in English, Cantonese and Mandarin, and has a Catholic School open to all religions. The Maryknoll Fathers and Brothers who staff the parish belong to an order that has historical roots in overseas missions to China in particular and the entire world in general. Because the Maryknoll Order is dedicated to overseas mission, this Chinese Roman Catholic Parish has the unique designation as the only parish that is entirely staffed by Maryknollers. Among is pastors was Bishop John W. Comber, M.M. (1967-1969), a Maryknoll Missionary who had served in Fushun.</p><br>
<h2>Transfiguration School</h2><br>
<p>Transfiguration School is the Catholic parochial school linked to the Church of the Transfiguration. It was founded in 1832 by Varela and became open to children of all faiths in 1969.</p><br>
<p>The school has high academic standards and won the National Blue Ribbon Schools Award in 2011. Focusing on expansion, the school has launched a five-year campaign that will end in 2016. By that time, there will be a student body of 700 across three campuses. The campuses are the Early Childhood Campus, Transfiguration Lower School, and Transfiguration Upper School. Transfiguration Lower School is the school connected to the Church of the Transfiguration. Transfiguration Upper Schools current campus was St. James Elementary Schools former campus, where New York State governor Al Smith received his only education.</p><br>
<p>The Lagonda Club Building is a historic clubhouse in downtown Springfield, Ohio, United States. Designed by Frank Mills Andrews,</p><br>
<p>Completed in 1895, the Lagonda Club is an early example of Beaux-Arts architecture. This style was favored by Andrews, whose work appears to have been influenced by Louis Sullivans preferred style. After the Lagonda Club ceased to use the building, it became the headquarters of the local chamber of commerce. Today, the property is again owned by the club (now known as "Club Lagonda"), which seeks to rent most of its space to businesses. Because of its historically significant architecture and its place in Ohios history, the Lagonda Club Building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975; at the same intersection is located another landmark, the former Warder Public Library.</p><br>
<p>St. Raphaels Church is a historic Catholic church in the city of Springfield, Ohio, United States. Established in the 1840s as Springfields first Catholic parish, it uses a Gothic Revival church building, the towers of which hold a prominent spot in the city&#39;s skyline. As a work of a leading city architect, the building has been named a historic site.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>None of Clark Countys first residents were Catholics; the first Catholics moved into Springfield circa 1835, and by 1845, the community had nearly seventy Catholic families. The first priest to minister in Springfield was Henry Damian Juncker, the future Bishop of Alton, but his responsibilities elsewhere permitted him to visit Springfield only once or twice monthly, and services were held in private residences or in buildings owned by others. James F. Kearney was the first resident priest, coming in August 1840, but due to illness he resigned after one years service. The members bought land in 1848, and the parish was officially erected in 1849 and dedicated to St. Raphael. Although money was originally lacking for the construction of a building, the parish&#39;s needs were supplied by wealthy Cincinnati resident Michael Cassily, and with his money the members built the foundation of a church building. Over the next quarter century, twelve different priests served the parish, holding tenures ranging from one to eighteen years. By the late 1860s, the parish was growing to the point that a single priest could no longer serve everyone: an assistant pastor was appointed in 1868, even though a second parish, St. Bernard, had been formed in 1860. Another parish, St. Joseph, was established in 1884.</p><br>
<p>When W.H. Sidley became the pastor in 1873, he was distressed to discover the parishs diminutive complex: a small brick house of worship, a tiny frame house used as a school, and no rectory whatsoever. He soon arranged for the construction of a rectory, which was finished in the following year at a cost of $7,000. Two years later, he began a more substantial school building, three stories tall, it was completed in September 1877 at a cost of $19,000. By the early 1890s, the church itself was proving insufficient for the parishs needs, and the process of replacing it began in early 1892 as the original brick building was destroyed. Six years passed before the completion of the replacement building, which was consecrated by William Henry Elder, the Archbishop of Cincinnati, on July 17, 1898. During the 1920s, the church prospered amid civil strife. In 1923, when Archbishop Moeller was raising money for Mount St. Marys Seminary of the West, St. Raphaels was wealthy enough to provide $10,000 for the school fund, amounting to fully 10% of the total. Its funds also sponsored Springfield Central Catholic High School, meant for students of all city parishes rather than for St. Raphael parishioners only. Conversely, the church was the focus of rising Ku Klux Klan sentiment in Springfield. Among the most exciting incidents in the parish history occurred during a KKK parade: the Klansmen planned to process past the church, but the parish priest stood before the parade, blocking the way, and the Klansmen turned aside.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>St. Raphaels is a high Gothic Revival structure, built of sandstone from Berea. Since construction in the 1890s, it has been one of Springfields most distinctive buildings, due in large part to its two front towers — the bell tower is 135 ft high, and the principal tower 184 ft. By climbing 156 steps to the summit of the principal tower, one gains a panoramic view of the city and surrounding countryside. The buildings general plan is that of a streamlined Latin cross, with slight gabled projections near the rear forming the crosspieces. Three entrances pierce the facade, while lancet windows of similar height are placed at varying locations in the towers, and two-story windows fill the side bays. Widest and tallest are the windows placed in the rear-side projections and above the entrances on the facade. Both towers are topped with pointed roofs, surrounded by ornamental pointed roofs of far smaller sizes, while the roof of the main part of the church is a steep gable. Despite extensive Gothic Revival detailing, such as the pointed-arch windows and doorways, the building also retains some elements of the Romanesque Revival style, including the false buttresses and columns around the main entrance, as well as the sheer massing of both towers. By the time that the building was complete, parishioners had spent $75,000 on construction and ancillary costs. The architect for St. Raphaels was Charles A. Cregar, first among architects native to Springfield. Cregar was responsible for numerous grand buildings in Springfield, including City Hall, and St. Raphael&#39;s is among the chief examples of his work.</p><br>
<h2>Recent history</h2><br>
<p>St. Raphaels remains an active part of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cincinnati, but no longer as a separate parish: St. Josephs and St. Raphaels have been combined into a single parish. The church building itself has received wide recognition: it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in June 1976, due to its historically significant architecture. It is one of six Cregar-designed buildings listed on the Register, along with the former city hall, St. Johns Evangelical Lutheran Church, the former Arcade Hotel, St. Joseph&#39;s Church, and the former Third Presbyterian Church.</p><br>
